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Blue-gray tanager

Blue-gray tanager
A Blue-Grey Tanager in San Miguel, Alajuela, Costa Rica
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Order: Passeriformes
Family: Thraupidae
Genus: Thraupis
Species:
T. episcopus
Binomial name
Thraupis episcopus
(Linnaeus, 1766)
Synonyms
  • Loxia virens Linnaeus, 1766
  • Tanagra episcopus Linnaeus, 1766
  • Tangara episcopus[2] (Linnaeus, 1766)

The blue-gray tanager (Thraupis episcopus) is a medium-sized South American songbird of the tanager family, Thraupidae. Its range is from Mexico south to northeast Bolivia and northern Brazil, all of the Amazon Basin, except the very south. It has been introduced to Lima (Peru). On Trinidad and Tobago, this bird is called blue jean.

Taxonomy

In 1760 the French zoologist Mathurin Jacques Brisson included a description of the blue-grey tanager in his Ornithologie based on a specimen collected in Brazil. He used the French name L'evesqueand the Latin name Episcopus avis.[3] Although Brisson coined Latin names, these do not conform to the binomial system and are not recognised by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature.[4] When in 1766 the Swedish naturalist Carl Linnaeus updated his Systema Naturae for the twelfth edition he added 240 species that had been previously described by Brisson in his Ornithologie.[4] One of these was the fulvous-crested tanager. Linnaeus included a terse description, coined the binomial name Tanagra episcopus and cited Brisson's work.[5] The specific name episcopus is Latin for "bishop".[6] The current genus Thraupis was introduced by the German naturalist Friedrich Boie in 1826.[7]

There are 14 recognized subspecies,[8] differing according to the exact hue of blue of the shoulder patch versus the rest of the plumage; they may be greyish, greenish or purplish-blue, with a lavender, dark blue or whitish shoulder patch. For example, T. e. berlepschi (endemic to Tobago) is a brighter and darker blue on the rump and shoulder, T. e. neosophilus with a violet shoulder patch occurs in northern Venezuela, Trinidad, eastern Colombia and the far north of Brazil, T. e. mediana of the southern Amazon basin has a white wing patch, and T. e. cana in the northern Amazon has blue shoulders.

Description

The blue-gray tanager is 16–18 cm (6.3–7.1 in) long and weighs 30–40 g (1.1–1.4 oz). Adults have a light bluish head and underparts, with darker blue upperparts and a shoulder patch colored a different hue of blue. The bill is short and quite thick. Sexes are similar, but the immature is much duller in plumage.

The song is a squeaky twittering, interspersed with tseee and tsuup call notes.

Breeding and habitat

The breeding habitat is open woodland, cultivated areas and gardens. The blue-gray tanager lives mainly on fruit, but will also take some nectar, insects and other arthropods.[9][10] This is a common, restless, noisy and confiding species, usually found in pairs, but sometimes small groups. It thrives around human habitation, and will take some cultivated fruit like papayas (Carica papaya).

One to three, usually two, dark-marked whitish to gray-green eggs are laid in a deep cup nest in a high tree fork or building crevice.[9] Incubation by the female is 14 days with another 17 to fledging. The nest is sometimes parasitised by Molothrus cowbirds.

Two birds studied in the Parque Nacional de La Macarena of Colombia were infected with microfilariae, an undetermined Trypanosoma species, and another blood parasite that could not be identified. Two other birds, examined near Turbo (also in Colombia), did not have blood parasites.[11][12]

Agricultural ecology

T. episcopus prospers in some areas cleared by humans[13] for grazing, but is not as attracted to buildings or high human or livestock activity.[14][15] They continue to live in forests[13] but eagerly move temporarily into abandoned pasture land for wild fruits[14][15] and have been variously found to never forage[14] or merely to forage less often[15] in pasture that has livestock in it. T. episcopus is more common in secondary forest resulting from slash-and-burn[2] followed by abandonment than in primary forest.[13]

T. episcopus is commonly infected with Blastocystis parasites, specifically Subtype 6 (ST6) which was exclusive to birds in that area.[16] ST6 was never found in cows in the area, but it was unassessed whether T. episcopus shares ST6 with nearby domesticated bird flocks.[16]

Status

Widespread and common throughout its large range, the blue-gray tanager is evaluated as Least Concern on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.[1]

Sub species

References

  1. ^ a b BirdLife International (2021). "Thraupis episcopus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021: e.T22722527A167302828. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T22722527A167302828.en. Retrieved 24 November 2022.
  2. ^ a b Morlan, Joseph (2019-08-20). "Blue-gray Tanager (Thraupis episcopus caerulea)". City College of San Francisco FOG. Retrieved 2021-04-10.
  3. ^ Brisson, Mathurin Jacques (1760). Ornithologie, ou, Méthode contenant la division des oiseaux en ordres, sections, genres, especes & leurs variétés (in French and Latin). Vol. 3. Paris: Jean-Baptiste Bauche. pp. 40–41, Plate 1 fig 2. The two stars (**) at the start of the paragraph indicates that Brisson based his description on the examination of a specimen.
  4. ^ a b Allen, J.A. (1910). "Collation of Brisson's genera of birds with those of Linnaeus". Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History. 28: 317–335. hdl:2246/678.
  5. ^ Linnaeus, Carl (1766). Systema naturae : per regna tria natura, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis (in Latin). Vol. 1, Part 1 (12th ed.). Holmiae (Stockholm): Laurentii Salvii. p. 316.
  6. ^ Jobling, J.A. (2018). del Hoyo, J.; Elliott, A.; Sargatal, J.; Christie, D.A.; de Juana, E. (eds.). "Key to Scientific Names in Ornithology". Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive. Lynx Edicions. Retrieved 2 April 2018.
  7. ^ Boie, Friedrich (1826). "Generalübersicht". Isis von Oken (in German). Col 974.
  8. ^ Gill, Frank; Donsker, David, eds. (2018). "Tanagers and allies". World Bird List Version 8.1. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 2 April 2018.
  9. ^ a b "Blue-Gray Tanager Fact Sheet". Lincoln Park Zoo.
  10. ^ Hilty, Steven (2020). "Blue-gray Tanager (Thraupis episcopus), version 1.0". Birds of the World.
  11. ^ Basto, Natalia; Rodríguez, Oscar A.; Marinkelle, Cornelis J.; Gutierrez, Rafael; Matta, Nubia Estela (2006). "Haematozoa in birds from la Macarena National Natural Park (Colombia)" (PDF). Caldasia (in English and Spanish). 28 (2): 371–377.
  12. ^ Londono, Aurora; Pulgarin-R., Paulo C.; Blair, Silva (2007). "Blood Parasites in Birds From the Lowlands of Northern Colombia" (PDF). Caribbean Journal of Science. 43 (1): 87–93. doi:10.18475/cjos.v43i1.a8. S2CID 87907947.
  13. ^ a b c Borges, Sérgio Henrique (2007). "Bird assemblages in secondary forests developing after slash-and-burn agriculture in the Brazilian Amazon". Journal of Tropical Ecology. 23 (4): 469–477. doi:10.1017/S0266467407004105. ISSN 0266-4674. S2CID 86457135.
  14. ^ a b c Da Silva, Jose Maria Cardoso; Uhl, Christopher; Murray, Gregory (1996). "Plant Succession, Landscape Management, and the Ecology of Frugivorous Birds in Abandoned Amazonian Pastures". Conservation Biology. 10 (2). Society for Conservation Biology/Wiley-Blackwell: 491–503. Bibcode:1996ConBi..10..491D. doi:10.1046/j.1523-1739.1996.10020491.x. ISSN 0888-8892.
  15. ^ a b c Hughes, Jennifer B.; Daily, Gretchen C.; Ehrlich, Paul R. (2002). "Conservation of tropical forest birds in countryside habitats". Ecology Letters. 5 (1). Wiley-Blackwell: 121–129. Bibcode:2002EcolL...5..121H. doi:10.1046/j.1461-0248.2002.00294.x. ISSN 1461-023X.
  16. ^ a b Ramírez, Juan David; Sánchez, Laura Viviana; Bautista, Diana Carolina; Corredor, Andrés Felipe; Flórez, Astrid Carolina; Stensvold, Christen Rune (2014). "Blastocystis subtypes detected in humans and animals from Colombia". Infection, Genetics and Evolution. 22. Elsevier BV: 223–228. Bibcode:2014InfGE..22..223R. doi:10.1016/j.meegid.2013.07.020. ISSN 1567-1348. PMID 23886615.

Further reading

  • Skutch, Alexander F. (1954). "Blue tanager" (PDF). Life Histories of Central American Birds. Pacific Coast Avifauna, Number 31. Berkeley, California: Cooper Ornithological Society. pp. 189–199.
Quelle: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue-gray_tanager