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Acer macrophyllum

Acer macrophyllum
Bigleaf maple foliage
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Rosids
Order: Sapindales
Family: Sapindaceae
Genus: Acer
Section: Acer sect. Macrophylla
Species:
A. macrophyllum
Binomial name
Acer macrophyllum
Pursh 1813
Natural range
Synonyms
List
  • Acer auritum Greene
  • Acer dactylophyllum Greene
  • Acer flabellatum Greene 1912 not Rehder 1905
  • Acer hemionitis Greene
  • Acer leptodactylon Greene
  • Acer murrayanum Dippel
  • Acer palmatum Raf. 1836 not Thumb. 1784
  • Acer platypterum Greene
  • Acer politum Greene
  • Acer stellatum Greene

Acer macrophyllum, the bigleaf maple[2] or Oregon maple,[3] is a large deciduous tree in the genus Acer. It is native to western North America. In addition to uses by animals, it is of some culinary and woodworking interest.

Large Acer macrophyllum leaf in Washington State

Description

Bigleaf maple can grow up to 48 metres (158 feet) tall,[4][5] but more commonly reaches 15–20 m (50–65 ft) tall and 90–120 centimetres (35–47 inches).[6] The species' current national champion for size is located in Lane County, Oregon. It is 36 m (119 ft) tall with a crown spread of 28 m (91 ft), with an average diameter at breast height (dbh) of about 3.7 m (12 ft).[7] The previous national champion is located in Marion, Oregon, and is 27 m (88 ft) tall with a crown spread of 32 m (104 ft), with an average dbh of about 2.5 m (8 ft). The bark is gray brown, darkening and developing ridges with age.[6]

The bigleaf maple has the largest leaves of any maple, typically 15–30 cm (6–12 in) across with five deeply incised palmate lobes, with the largest running to 61 cm (24 in).[8][9] The stems are 15–30 cm (6–12 in) long and contain milky sap.[6] In autumn, the leaves turn gold and yellow, contrasting against backdrops of evergreen conifers. In spring, the tree produces flowers in pendulous racemes 10–15 cm (4–6 in) long, greenish-yellow with inconspicuous petals. It is hermaphroditic, bearing both male and female flowers in each raceme. The flowers appear in early spring, before the leaves.[10] The fruit is a paired winged samara, each seed 1–1.5 cm (3⁄8–5⁄8 in) in diameter with a 4–5 cm (1+5⁄8–2 in) wing.[11][9][8] Bigleaf maple begins bearing seed at about ten years of age.[10]

In May 2018 the oldest two Oregon maples in Europe, 175 years old, were removed from Trinity College Dublin (TCD), Ireland. The first had an interior which was beginning to rot, and it fell after inclement windy weather. The second, also infected, was cut down as the same fate was expected. Both were in the adjoining grassy area which was originally the cemetery of All Hallows and is now the Front Square of TCD.[12]

Chemistry

The fallen leaves, blossoms, and seeds are concentrated with potassium, calcium, and other nutrients.[6]

Distribution and habitat

Bigleaf maple mostly occurs near North America's Pacific coast, west of British Columbia's Coast Ranges and the Cascade Range, from southernmost Alaska to southern California. Some stands are also found inland in the foothills of the Sierra Nevada of central California, and a tiny population occurs in central Idaho.[2][11][13]

It usually grows from sea level to elevations of 450 m (1,480 ft), and more exceptionally 1,200 m (3,900 ft).[6] It can form pure stands on moist soils in proximity to streams, but is generally found within riparian hardwood forests or dispersed, (under or within), relatively open canopies of conifers, mixed evergreens, or oaks (Quercus spp.)[14][13] In cool and moist temperate mixed woods they are one of the dominant species.[15] Though very rare north of Vancouver Island, it is cultivated in Prince Rupert,[16] near Ketchikan, and in Juneau.[17]

Ecology

The tree can live in a wide range of habitats, but thrives in fairly well-hydrated hardwood forests, occurring with red alder, black cottonwood, and willows. It is fairly shade tolerant, but not as much so as vine maple, and benefits from disturbances.[6] It is not considered to be fire-resistant due to its thin bark, but large trees with thick bark may survive moderate fires. Along with red alder, bigleaf maple often dominates early postfire succession in Douglas-fir forests, and fire can increase its forest presence.[18] It spreads and grows vegetatively from cuttings and stumps of any size in a prolific manner.[10]

Insects fertilize the tree's flowers.[6] The winged fruits are eaten by squirrels, and by grosbeaks in the winter.[19] Deer mice have been observed consuming bigleaf maple seeds in the spring in the Sierra Nevada. The foliage is browsed by ungulates such as black-tailed deer, mule deer, elk, and horses, as well as by mountain beavers and other rodents.[20][21] A western Oregon study found that 60% of bigleaf maple seedlings over 25 cm (10 in) tall had been browsed by deer, most several times.[22]

Bigleaf maple is preferred as habitat by the barred owl, an invasive species to coast range habitat, and the presence of the tree is positively associated with Hammond's flycatchers.[20]

In the wetter parts of its range, such as in the Olympic National Park and lowland forest around Puget Sound, the bark is often covered with epiphytes such as club moss and licorice fern.[10]

Older trees suffer from heart rot.[6]

Cultivars

Cultivars are plants sourced and/or bred for specific characteristics that are deemed to be attractive and/or commercializable to the mainstream public. Given the opportunity, cultivars will near-universally cross with their native counterparts, which brings a risk of contamination to local genetic stock that can be a challenge to identify. Examples of cultivars include:

  • 'Mocha Rose' — foliage in various shades of pink over growing season; red flowers[23]
  • 'Santiam Snows' — green leaves speckled with white[24]
  • 'Seattle Sentinel' — upright, columnar plant habit[25]

Uses

Native Americans grew sprouts from the seeds for consumption, wove baskets from the inner bark, and used the leaves to cover food in cooking pits. They also carved the wood into dishes, utensils, and canoe paddles.[6][26]

Maple syrup has been made from the sap of bigleaf maple trees.[27] While the sugar concentration is about the same as in Acer saccharum (sugar maple), the flavor is somewhat different. Interest in commercially producing syrup from bigleaf maple sap has been limited.[28] Although not traditionally used for syrup production, it takes about 40 volumes of sap to produce 1 volume of maple syrup.

The buds of the tree are also considered edible.[29] They are often fried and made into fritters.

Lumber

The bigleaf maple is the only commercially important maple of the Pacific Coast region.[14]

The wood is primarily used in veneer production for furniture, but is also used in musical instrument production (including piano frames), interior paneling, and other hardwood products; the heartwood is light reddish-brown, fine-grained, moderately heavy, and fairly robust.[6] It sometimes shows a quilted figure.

In California, land managers do not highly value bigleaf maples, and they are often intentionally knocked over and left unharvested during harvests for Douglas fir and redwood stands.[30]

References

  1. ^ Barstow, M.; Crowley, D.; Rivers, M.C. (2017). "Acer macrophyllum". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T193830A2284337. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T193830A2284337.en. Retrieved 13 November 2021.
  2. ^ a b NRCS. "Acer macrophyllum". PLANTS Database. United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). Retrieved 6 January 2016.
  3. ^ BSBI List 2007 (xls). Botanical Society of Britain and Ireland. Archived from the original (xls) on 2015-06-26. Retrieved 2014-10-17.
  4. ^ Vaden, M. D. "World's Tallest Maple Discovery of 2012".
  5. ^ Poor, Kasi (2012-11-06). "The tall tale of 'Humboldt Honey' -- tree hunter says world's tallest maple is in Humboldt Redwoods State Park". Times-Standard. Archived from the original on 2013-12-03. Retrieved 2012-11-10.
  6. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Arno, Stephen F.; Hammerly, Ramona P. (2020) [1977]. Northwest Trees: Identifying & Understanding the Region's Native Trees (field guide ed.). Seattle: Mountaineers Books. pp. 251–256. ISBN 978-1-68051-329-5. OCLC 1141235469.
  7. ^ "Bigleaf Maple (Acer macrophyllum)". National Register of Big Trees. American Forests. 15 September 2016.
  8. ^ a b Giblin, David, ed. (2015). "Acer macrophyllum". WTU Herbarium Image Collection. Burke Museum, University of Washington. Retrieved 2015-02-07.
  9. ^ a b Whittemore, Alan T. (2012). "Acer macrophyllum". In Jepson Flora Project (ed.). Jepson eFlora. The Jepson Herbarium, University of California, Berkeley. Retrieved 2015-02-07.
  10. ^ a b c d "Bigleaf Maple (Acer macrophyllum) | Oregon Wood Innovation Center". owic.oregonstate.edu. Retrieved 2021-05-11.
  11. ^ a b Klinkenberg, Brian, ed. (2014). "Acer macrophyllum". E-Flora BC: Electronic Atlas of the Plants of British Columbia [eflora.bc.ca]. Lab for Advanced Spatial Analysis, Department of Geography, University of British Columbia, Vancouver. Archived from the original on 2015-02-08. Retrieved 2015-02-07.
  12. ^ "Stress the likely cause of tree death in Trinity College, says expert". The Irish Times.
  13. ^ a b Sullivan, Steven. K. (2015). "Acer macrophyllum". Wildflower Search. Retrieved 2015-02-07.
  14. ^ a b Fryer, Janet L. (2011). "Acer macrophyllum". Fire Effects Information System (FEIS). US Department of Agriculture (USDA), Forest Service (USFS), Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory.
  15. ^ Wilson, Bert (2014). "Mixed Evergreen Forest". Nature of California. Las Pilitas Nursery.
  16. ^ "Trees of Prince Rupert" (blog). 2010.
  17. ^ "Trees Near Their Limits -- Alaska" (blog). 2010.
  18. ^ "Acer macrophyllum". www.fs.fed.us. Retrieved 2021-05-05.
  19. ^ Peattie, Donald Culross (1953). A Natural History of Western Trees. New York: Bonanza Books. pp. 606–07.
  20. ^ a b "Acer macrophyllum". www.fs.fed.us. Retrieved 2021-05-05.
  21. ^ Fowells, H. A., ed. (1965). Silvics of forest trees of the United States. Agric. Handb. 271. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service.
  22. ^ Fried, Jeremy S.; Tappeiner, John C.; Hibbs, David E. (1988). "Bigleaf maple seedling establishment and early growth in Douglas-fir forests". Canadian Journal of Forest Research. 18 (10): 1226–1233. doi:10.1139/x88-189.
  23. ^ "Mocha Rose Big Leaf Maple (Acer macrophyllum 'Mocha Rose') at GardenWorks".
  24. ^ "Japanese Maples - Acer macrophyllum 'Santiam Snows'".
  25. ^ "Acer macrophyllum 'Seattle Sentinel' | Landscape Plants | Oregon State University". landscapeplants.oregonstate.edu. Retrieved 2021-05-11.
  26. ^ Whitney, Stephen (1985). Western Forests (The Audubon Society Nature Guides). New York: Knopf. p. 395. ISBN 0-394-73127-1.
  27. ^ Ruth, Robert H.; Underwood; J. Clyde; Smith, Clark E.; Yang, Hoya Y. (1972). "Maple sirup production from bigleaf maple" (PDF). PNW-181. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Forest and Range Experiment Station.
  28. ^ "Maple syrup" (PDF). Island Net. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 25, 2006.
  29. ^ "Big Leaf Maple | Pierce Conservation District, WA". piercecd.org.
  30. ^ Bolsinger, Charles L. (1988). "The hardwoods of California's timberlands, woodlands, and savannas". Resource Bulletin PNW-RB-148. Portland, OR: United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station.
Quelle: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big-leaf_maple