Battle of Yassıçemen
| Battle of Yassıçemen | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
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| Belligerents | |||||||
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Seljuk Sultanate of Rûm[1] Ayyubid Sultanate[1] Cilician Armenia[1] Crusaders[1] |
Khwarezm Shahs Seljuk rebels Empire of Trebizond | ||||||
| Commanders and leaders | |||||||
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Kayqubad I[1] Al-Ashraf[1] |
Jalal al-Din Mangburni[1] Jahan Shah | ||||||
| Strength | |||||||
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25,000+ 5,000 Kurdish [2] | Unknown | ||||||
The Battle of Yassıçemen was fought in Anatolia, in what is now Erzincan Province, Turkey in 1230.[3]
Background
Jalal ad-Din was the last ruler of the Khwarezm Shahs. The territory of the empire had been annexed by the Mongol Empire during the reign of Jalal ad-Din’s father Muhammad II; but Jalal ad-Din continued to fight with a small army. In 1225, he retreated to Azerbaijan and founded a principality around Maragheh, East Azerbaijan. Although he formed an alliance with the Seljuk Sultanate of Rûm against the Mongols, for reasons unknown he later changed his mind and began hostilities against the Seljuks. In 1230, he conquered Ahlat, (in what is now Bitlis Province, Turkey) an important cultural city of the era from the Ayyubids which led to an alliance between the Seljuks and Ayyubids. Jalal ad-Din on the other hand allied himself with Jahan Shah, the rebellious Seljuk governor of Erzurum.[4]
Battle
The battle took place in Yassıçemen, a location west of Erzincan. Jalal ad-Din tried to attack before the merging of the Seljuk and Ayyubid armies, but it was too late, as the Ayyubids had already sent a reinforcement of 10,000 to the Seljuks. The commander of the Seljuk-Ayyubid army was the Seljuk sultan Ala-ad Din Kayqubad I. The battle continued for three days. The alliance's numerical superiority was at least two-folds.
Prelude
Both armies sent their detachment forces. The two detachment forces met on the 10th of August, 1230. The Khwarezmian detachment consisting of 700 strong defeated the detachment forces of the alliance consisting of 3,000 strong. The alliance's morale was low after the defeat of their detachment but as new reinforcements came, the morale was restored.
Main battle
The Khwarezmian army was structured enclosing the plain. The alliance units attacked on the Khwarezmian army and the Khwarezmian retaliated in the same way. Jalal al-Din stood on a hill and coordinated his army. During the first day, the alliance seized some positions from the Khwarezmians but the occupiers abandoned the newly captured positions at night. Jalal al-Din refrained from attacking.
The alliance again started an attack on the next dawn but they were repelled back. After repelling the allied army, the Khwarezmians charged forward and forced Kaykubad I to retreat further. The lost positions were captured back. Al-Ashraf, the commander of the Mamluk army, reinforced Kaykubad's divisions. After seeing the reinforcements, Jalal al-Din concluded that the battle is lost, due to the numerical superiority of the alliance and abandoned the battlefield.[5][6]
Aftermath
This battle was Jalal ad-Din’s last battle, as he lost his army, and while escaping in disguise he was spotted and killed in 1231. His short-lived principality was conquered by the Mongols. The Seljuk Sultanate of Rum gradually absorbed Ahlat, Van, Bitlis, Malazgirt and Tbilisi. The Seljuk Sultanate of Rum attained a border with the Mongol Empire as they occupied the former territories of Jalal al-Din Mangburnu.[7] After the death of Jalal al-Din, Kaykubad I hired Jalal al-Din's former lieutenants to use them as a shield against possible Mongol invasion.[8] After the death of Aladdin Kayqubad, Seljuks shared the same fate in 1243 following the Battle of Kösedağ.
References
- ^ a b c d e f g Bedrosian, Robert (1997). "Armenia during the Seljuk and Mongol Periods". The Armenian People from Ancient to Modern Times, Vol.1 (PDF). New York: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 241–271.
Jalal al-Din continued devastating one or another section of Armenia until 1230, when he was decisively beaten near Erzinjan by a united force composed of troops of Malik Ashraf of Khlat, the Seljuk sultan of Rum, Cilician Armenian, and Crusader detachments. Jalal was murdered the next year by a Kurdish peasant. His raids and devastations had lasted seven years.
- ^ a b Minorsky 1953, pp. 154.
- ^ Syed, Muzaffar Husain; Akhtar, Syed Saud; Usmani, B. D. (2011-09-14). Concise History of Islam. Vij Books India Pvt Ltd. p. 173. ISBN 978-93-82573-47-0.
- ^ Sinclair, Thomas (6 December 2019). Eastern Trade and the Mediterranean in the Middle Ages: Pegolotti’s Ayas-Tabriz Itinerary and its Commercial Context. Routledge. p. Note 106. ISBN 978-1-000-75267-0.
Tughril, who ruled at Erzurum from 589 to 618/1192–1221, was allotted Elbistan under the original division by Kılıç Arslan II (Cahen 1968: 111), but was then installed at Erzurum when the latter was captured from the Saltukids at the beginning of the thirteeth century. But he broke away from the Seljuk state in 608/1211-12. His son Rukn al-Din Jahan Shah was finally defeated, and Erzurum annexed to the Seljuk state, in 1230, when the Khwarazmshah, Jalal al-Din, with whom Jahan Shah had temporarily allied, was defeated at the battle of Yassı Çimen.
- ^ Aydın, Taneri (1993). Harezmşahlar. Ankara: Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı Yayınları. pp. 82–83. ISBN 975-389-110-5.
- ^ Prof. Yaşar Yüce-Prof. Ali Sevim: Türkiye tarihi Cilt I, AKDTYKTTK Yayınları, İstanbul, 1991 p 118
- ^ "The Aftermath and Background of the Battle of Yassıçemen". CNN Türk (in Turkish). Archived from the original on 2021-01-24. Retrieved 2021-10-11.
- ^ Gül, M. HAREZMLİ TÜRKLERİN ANADOLU VE YAKİNDOĞU'DAKI ROLLERİ VE TESİRLERİ (English: The role and effects of the Khwarezmıan Turks ın Anatolia and Near East). Harran Üniversitesi Fen-Edebiyat Fakültesi, Tarih Bölümü.
Resources
- Minorsky, Vladimir (1953). Studies in Caucasian History. New York: Taylor’s Foreign Press. ISBN 0-521-05735-3.