Arandic languages
| Arandic | |
|---|---|
| Geographic distribution | Northern Territory, northern South Australia |
| Linguistic classification | Pama–Nyungan
|
| Subdivisions | |
| Language codes | |
| Glottolog | aran1267 |
 Arandic languages (green) among other Pama–Nyungan (tan) | |
Arandic is a family of Australian Aboriginal languages consisting of several languages or dialect clusters, including the Arrernte (Upper Arrernte) group, Lower Arrernte (also known as Lower Southern Arrernte), Pertame language (also known as Southern Arrernte) and Kaytetye.
Languages
- Upper Arrernte (or just Arrernte) dialect cluster, with five or six main dialects, with the most dominant being Central or Eastern Arrernte, which is spoken in and around Alice Springs (Mparntwe) itself.
- Lower Arrernte, also known as Alenjerrntarpe and Lower Southern Arrernte, was spoken by the people around the Finke River area, but it is now extinct. The last speaker was Brownie Doolan, from whom Gavan Breen managed to write up a dictionary of roughly 1000 words.[1] According to AIATSIS, this was a clearly distinct language.
- Pertame, also known as Southern Arrernte, is from the country south of Alice Springs, along the Finke River, north and north-west of the location of speakers of Lower Arrernte.[2] With only 20 fluent speakers left by 2018,[3] the Pertame Project is seeking to retain and revive the language, headed by Pertame elder Christobel Swan.[4] Renowned artist Erlikilyika (Jim Kite) was a Pertame speaker. Ethnologue classes Pertame as a variant name for Lower Southern, but other sources vary in their classifications and descriptions of this language.
- Kaytetye, spoken near Barrow Creek and Tennant Creek by the Kaytetye people,[5] had only 120 speakers in the 2016 census, and the number has been decreasing.[6]
Differing classifications
There are differing opinions as to which are dialects and which separate languages, among linguists and among the Arrernte people themselves.
- Koch (2004) only distinguished two dialects, Upper Arrernte and Katetye.
- Glottolog defines the Arandic group as comprising five Aranda (also known as Arrernte)[7] dialects, plus two distinct languages, Kaytetye (Koch, 2006) and Lower Southern (or just Lower) Aranda, an extinct language.[8]
- Ethnologue defines eight Arandic languages and classifies them slightly differently.[9]
Proto-language
| Proto-Arandic | |
|---|---|
| Reconstruction of | Arandic languages |
Reconstructed ancestor | |
Proto-Arandic and Pre-Arandic reconstructions from Koch (2004):[10]
gloss Proto-Arandic Pre-Arandic armpit *ilhenpe *CilhVnpV blood *arrknge *CVrrngV brain *ake+urrnge *kaka+CurrngV breast *atye *CatyV egg *ukarte *muka+artV face *inngerre *NinngVrrV fat *antere *NantOrV hand, finger *iltye *miltyV “claw” nasal mucus *yungkel *CYungkVl sweat *anytyeye *CantyVyV tendon *alurrnge *CalO+CurrngV thigh *uylepere *warli+pVrV throat *ahentye *CaakVntyV man *urte *CurtO person, woman? *arelhe *CarVlhV female *amarle *ngama+arlV dreaming *altyerre *CaltyVrrV camp *apmere *TamVrV single men's camp *arnkentye *CarnkVntyV single women's camp *arlwekere ? *CurlVkVrV/*wa- father's father *arrenge *CarrVngV father-in-law *ahenterre *CaakVntVrrV mother's father *atye, itye *CEtyV cousin (female) *altyele *CaltyVlV cousin (male) *a(t)nkele *CankOlV sister-in-law (of f?) *arntenge *NarntOngV axe *ilepe *CilOpV digging stick *atneme *kana+m(p)V spindle *ante *unte *CuntO rabbit bandicoot tail-tip *alpiyte? *CalpV+CV(r)ti ant bed *ungkepeye *mungka+pVyV burrow *ulhenge *ngulha+ngV cave *inteye *CintVyV cliff *arnke *CarnkV coals *(a)perrke *CapVrrkV delicacy, honey *ungkarle *NungkaarlV flame *inthe *CinthV gap *utatye *CutaatyV/*wa- ground *ahe- *CaakV- rainbow *umperlarre *CumpVrlV- road *iyteye *Ci(r)tiyV rock hole *arnerre *NarnOrrV sun *aherrke *CaakVrrkV east *Vkngerre *kangarra ! west *alte- *CaltO- far *arlenge *CarlOngV down, under, inside *ukene *CukVnV/*wa- blind *upenge *CupVngV /*wa- dangerous *ahe+ *CaakV- dried out, desiccated *aynterrke *Ca(r)ntirrkV empty *urlte *CurltV frightened *atere *CatOrV knowing *akaltye *kaka+CaltyV point *arriylpe *Rirra+Ci(r)lpi raw *arletye *CarlOtyV sick, be in pain *arnte- *CarntO- sleep *u(t)nke *CunkO /*wa- smooth *alyelke *CalyVlkV
Verbs
gloss Proto-Arandic Pre-Arandic bite *utnhe- *TunhV- chase *ule(rne)- *CulO- copulate with *Vnte(rne)- *CVntV- cut off *urnte(rne)- *CurntO- get stuck in *ume(rne)- *NumO- go about (in search of) *u(t)nthe- *CunthV- insert *uke(rne)- *CukV-/*wakV- make, fix *umpare - *CumpV+CarV- manipulate in coolamon? *aynpe- / *arnpe- *Ca(r)npi- pluck, clear of feathers *althe- *CalthV- put (down) *arre(rne)- *CVrrV- put foot down, move off *arnpe- *CarnpO- put high *utye(rne)- *CYutyV-? return *alpe- *CalpO-? see *are- *miira-? shine (on) *arrtye- *CVrrtyV- sing *ayle- *Ca(r)li- swallow *uke(rne)- *CukV-/*wakV- tie *irrtye- *CVrrtyV-
Plants
Scientific name Common name Proto-Arandic Pre-Arandic Eucalyptus opaca desert bloodwood *arrke *CarrkV Eucalyptus coolabah *ankerre *CankOrrV green grass *atherrke *CathVrrkV Acacia aneura mulga *artetye *CartOtyV Ventilago viminalis supplejack *atnyere *TanyVrV Ficus platypoda wild fig *wityerrke/*yu- *wityVrrkV /*CYu- Canthium latifolium native currant *ahakeye *CaakaakVyV Acacia kempeana witchetty bush *atnyeme *TanyVmV Acacia ligulata umbrella bush *arterrke *CartOrrkV Acacia tetragonophylla dead finish *arlketyerre *CarlkOtyVrrV Acacia victoriae acacia bush *urlepe?, *arlepe *COrlOpV Atalaya hemiglauca whitewood *arlperre *CarlpOrrV Boerhavia spp. tar vine *ayepe *CayVpV Grevillea striata beefwood *iyltentye *Ci(r)ltintyV Hakea chordophylla northern corkwood *untyeye *CuntyVyV /*wa-
Animals
gloss Proto-Arandic Pre-Arandic dingo *urtnere *TurnOrV Jew lizard *ankerte *CankOrtV kangaroo *aherre *CaakVrrV crested pigeon *apelkere /-ure? *CapVlkVrV honey ant *yerr+ampe? *CVyVrrV+ termites, white ants *interrke *CintOrrkV
References
- ^ Kearney 2007.
- ^ Lower Arrernte.
- ^ To save a dying language 2018.
- ^ Pertame Project.
- ^ Breen, Gavan (2001). "Chapter 4: The wonders of Arandic phonology". In Simpson, Jane; Nash, David; Laughren, Mary; Austin, Peter; Alpher, Barry (eds.). Forty years on: Ken Hale and Australian languages (pdf). Pacific Linguistics 512. ANU. Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies. (Pacific Linguistics). pp. 45–69. ISBN 085883524X.
- ^ "Kaytetye". Ethnologue. Retrieved 10 June 2019.
- ^ Note:"Aranda" is a simplified, Australian English approximation of the traditional pronunciation of the name of Arrernte [ˈarəɳ͡ɖa].(Turpin, Myfany (August 2004). "Have you ever wondered why Arrernte is spelt the way it is?". Central Land Council. Retrieved 15 June 2019.)
- ^ "Arandic". Glottolog. Retrieved 11 June 2019.
- ^ "Arandic". Ethnologue. Retrieved 11 June 2019.
- ^ Koch, Harold (2004). "The Arandic subgroup of Australian languages". In Claire Bowern & Harold Koch, eds., Australian Languages: Classification and the Comparative Method. John Benjamins Publishing Company. doi:10.1075/cilt.249.10koc
Sources
- Kearney, Simon (20 September 2007). "Another language faces sunset in dead centre". The Australian. Archived from the original on 14 October 2011.
- "Lower Arrernte". Mobile Language Team. Archived from the original on 30 September 2018. Retrieved 15 June 2019.
- "To save a dying language". Alice Springs News Online. 23 May 2018. Retrieved 9 June 2019.
- "Pertame Project". Call for Australian languages and linguistics. Archived from the original on 1 April 2020. Retrieved 9 June 2019.
Bibliography
- Dixon, R. M. W. (2002). Australian Languages: Their Nature and Development. Cambridge University Press.