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Spirit tablet

Spirit tablet
Spirit tablets for ancestors in Hong Kong
Chinese name
Chinese神主牌
Literal meaningspirit master sign
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu Pinyinshénzhǔpái
Yue: Cantonese
Yale Romanizationsàhn jyú pàaih
Jyutpingsan4 zyu2 paai4
Southern Min
Hokkien POJsîn-chú-pâi
Alternative Chinese name
Chinese神位
Literal meaningspirit seat
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu Pinyinshénwèi
Yue: Cantonese
Yale Romanizationsàhn waih
Jyutpingsan4 wai6
Southern Min
Hokkien POJsîn-ūi
Second alternative Chinese name
Chinese神牌
Literal meaningspirit sign
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu Pinyinshénpái
Yue: Cantonese
Yale Romanizationsàhn pàaih
Jyutpingsan4 paai4
Southern Min
Hokkien POJsîn-pâi
Vietnamese name
Vietnamese alphabetbài vị
Chữ Hán牌位
Korean name
Hangul1. 위패
2. 신위
Hanja1. 位牌
2. 神位
Transcriptions
Revised Romanization1. wipae
2.shinwi
Japanese name
Kanji位牌
Transcriptions
Revised Hepburnihai

A spirit tablet, memorial tablet, or ancestral tablet[1] is a placard that people used to designate the seat of a deity or past ancestor as well as to enclose it. The name of the deity or the past ancestor is usually inscribed onto the tablet. With origins in traditional Chinese culture, the spirit tablet is a common sight in many East Asian countries, where forms of ancestor veneration are practiced. Spirit tablets are traditional ritual objects commonly seen in temples, shrines, and household altars throughout Mainland China and Taiwan.[2]

General usage

A spirit tablet is often used for deities or ancestors (either generally or specifically: e.g. for a specific relative or for one's entire family tree). Shrines are generally found in and around households (for household gods and ancestors), in temples for specific deities, or in ancestral shrines for the clan's founders and specific ancestors. In each place, there are specific locations for individual spirit tablets for ancestors or one or another particular deity. A spirit tablet acts as an effigy of a specific deity or ancestor. When used, incense sticks or joss sticks are usually burned before the tablet in some kind of brazier or incense holder. Sometimes fruit, tea, pastries, or other offertory items are placed near the tablet to offer food to that particular spirit or divinity.

In Chinese folk religion a household will have one or more tablets for specific deities and family ancestors:

  • One near the front door, and at or around eye level, dedicated to the Jade Emperor. Generally, but not always, this tablet will be above the tablet dedicated to Tudigong. This tablet reads 天官赐福; 天官賜福.
  • Some houses will have a tablet at or near the gate which reads 门官福神; 門官福神 "this tablet is dedicated to the Door Gods".
  • One outside the house at the front door on the ground, dedicated to Tudigong, an Earth Deity. This tablet usually reads simplified Chinese: 门口土地财神; traditional Chinese: 門口土地財神 (less commonly 门口土地福神; 門口土地福神).
  • One in the kitchen, dedicated to Zao Jun, the kitchen god, which reads 定福灶君.
  • One which is dedicated to the Landlord god, Dizhu Shen (similar to Tudigong but not the same). This tablet comes in several forms: the simple form which reads 地主神位, or a longer, more complex form which comprises two couplets commonly reading 前後地财神，五方五土龙神; 前后地主財神，五方五土龍神.
  • Two in the house, usually at least one in the living room. These tablets will usually be put in a cabinet, similar to a Japanese butsudan household shrine, and they will be usually for a family's ancestors and some other deity which may or may not be represented by a spirit tablet.

In their most simple form the spirit tablets can simply be a piece of red paper with the words written vertically (in mainland China and in Hong Kong). More complex forms exist; these could be full, small shrines made of tile, wood, metal or other material; statues and attendants with text; small posters with incense places; and so on. A common form of the tablet for Tudigong (as seen in Guangdong, China), for example, consists of a baked tile which has the core text of the tablet 門口土地財神, flanked by two additional couplets reading 户纳千祥， 门迎百福; 戶納千祥， 門迎百福) meaning something close to "May my household welcome a great deal of auspiciousness, may my doors welcome hundreds of blessings".

In Taoism, spirit tablets are often used for ancestors. Sometimes spirit tablets are found before or below statues of deities, which represent the enclosed spirit of the deity.

Buddhist memorial tablet of Itagaki Taisuke (front side)
Buddhist memorial tablet of Itagaki Taisuke (back side) "Itagaki may die, but liberty never!"

In Chinese Buddhism, spirit tablets, known as “lotus seats” (蓮位) for the dead and “prosperity seats” (祿位) for the living, are used in the same manner for ancestors, wandering spirits, demons, hungry ghosts, and the living (for the perpetual or temporary blessing of the donor). Temporary tablets in the form of paper are common around the time of Qingming and Ullambana dharma festivals, which are incinerated en masse at the culmination of these services.

In Japanese Buddhism, tablets are used in funeral rites and stored in the home butsudan. Tablets are also common in Japanese temples.

In Korean culture, spirit tablets are of great importance in ancestral rites called jesa, as they are the centerpieces of food offerings and represent the spiritual presence of the deceased.

See also

References

  1. ^ Li, Xiaoxiang; Fu, Chunjiang; Goh, Geraldine (2004). Origins of Chinese people and customs (Revised ed.). Singapore: Asiapac Books. p. 130. ISBN 978-981-229-384-8. ancestral tablet[permanent dead link‍]
  2. ^ "Ancestors and Deities: Chinese Spirit Tablets". Museum of Anthropology. University of Missouri. Retrieved September 19, 2011.
Quelle: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancestral_tablets