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Alexandrine parakeet

Alexandrine parakeet
Male P. e. eupatria
Sri Lanka
Female
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Order: Psittaciformes
Family: Psittaculidae
Genus: Psittacula
Species:
P. eupatria
Binomial name
Psittacula eupatria
(Linnaeus, 1766)
Native range of Psittacula eupatria
Synonyms
  • Psittacus eupatria Linnaeus 1766
  • Palaeornis eupatria (Linnaeus, 1766)
ALEXANDRINE-PARAKEET

The Alexandrine parakeet (Psittacula eupatria), also known as the Alexandrine parrot, is a medium-sized parrot in the genus Psittacula of the family Psittaculidae, native to South Asia and Southeast Asia. It is named after Alexander the Great, who transported numerous birds from Punjab to various European and Mediterranean countries and regions, where they were prized by the royalty, nobility and warlords.[2][3]

The Alexandrine parakeet has established feral populations in Turkey,[4] Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, Bahrain, Qatar, the United Arab Emirates, Iran, and Pakistan, where it lives alongside feral populations of its close relative, the rose-ringed parakeet (Psittacula krameri).[1][2][5][6][7]

Taxonomy and etymology

The Alexandrine parakeet was first described by French zoologist Mathurin Jacques Brisson as Psittaca Ginginiana or "La Perruche de Gingi" (The Gingi's Parakeet) in 1760; after the town of Gingee in southeastern India, which was a French outpost then. The birds may, however, merely have been held in captivity there.[8] Carl Linnaeus redescribed the Alexandrine parakeet in 1766 as Psittacus eupatria.[9]

The genus name Psittacula is a diminutive of the Latin word psittacus meaning "parrot", and the specific name eupatria (εὖπατριά) is derived from the ancient Greek eu- meaning "well" and patriá meaning "descent".[10][11][12]

In 2019, a genetic study revived the genus Palaeornis, formerly viewed as a synonym of the current genus Psittacula. Some organisations – including the IUCN – have accepted the new taxonomy.[1] If this were to be taken into account, this could mean that the Alexandrine parakeet is the only living member of the now-revived genus.

Phylogeny

Genetic analysis of the mitochondrial cytochrome b sequences of Psittacula parakeets has shown that the Alexandrine parakeet diverged from the lineage that gave rise to the rose-ringed parakeet (Psittacula krameri) and the Mauritius parakeet (Psittacula eques) about 5 million years ago.[13]

Description

The Alexandrine parakeet is one of the largest parakeets, measuring 56 to 62 cm (22 to 24 in) from the top of the head to the tip of the tail and weighing 200 to 300 g (7.1 to 10.6 oz). The tail measures 28 to 35 cm (11 to 14 in).[2][14] It is predominantly green with a light blue-grey sheen on the cheeks and nape (back of the neck), yellow-green abdomen, red patch on the shoulders and massive red beak with yellow tips. The upper-side of the tail passes from green at the top to blue further down, and is yellow at the tip. The underside of the tail is yellow.[2][14][15]

Adults are sexually dimorphic. Adult males have a black stripe across their lower cheeks and a pink band on their nape. Adult females lack both a black cheek stripe and a pink nape band. The young are similar in appearance to adult females but have shorter tails.[2][16]

Subspecies

Five subspecies of the Alexandrine parakeet are currently recognized[2][16]

Subspecies Distribution Notes
Alexandrine parakeet (P. e. eupatria)
[main type-group] 		Western India, South India and Sri Lanka. 'Nominate' subspecies: Main type-(sub)species for the whole group.
Large Indian parakeet (P. e. nipalensis) Eastern Afghanistan, Pakistan, North India, Central India, East India, Nepal, and Bhutan. It is larger than the nominate subspecies, and more greyish-green. The back of the head and cheeks are tinged blue. Adult males have a broader black stripe across the lower cheek.
Large Burmese parakeet (P. e. avensis) Northeast India, Bangladesh, and Myanmar. It has a smaller beak than the nominate subspecies. Males look like P. e. nipalensis, however the neck and underparts are more yellowish and there is a narrow blue stripe on the hindneck.
Large Andaman parakeet (P. e. magnirostris) Andaman Islands and Coco Islands. It is slightly larger than the nominate subspecies, and has a larger beak and brighter shoulder patch. Males have a narrow blue stripe above the nape band.
Thai rose-ringed parakeet (P. e. siamensis) Vietnam, Cambodia, Laos, and Thailand. It is smaller than the nominate subspecies and has a paler shoulder patch. It also has a yellowish face and neck. Males look like P. e. avensis, however the back of the head and nape are tinged blue.

Ecology and behaviour

Male P. e. nipalensis eating fruit in Kolkata, West Bengal, India.

The Alexandrine parakeet lives in forests, woodlands, agricultural lands and mangrove forests at elevations of up to 900 m (3,000 ft). It eats a variety of wild and cultivated seeds, buds, fruits and nuts. Flocks can cause extensive damage to ripening fruits and grain crops like maize and jowar. It usually lives in small flocks, but forms larger groups in areas where food is abundant or at communal roosts.[2][15]

Female eating jowar.
Male P. e. nipalensis attending to a nest in a tree hole in Kolkata, West Bengal, India.

The Alexandrine parakeet has a variety of calls, including a ringing trrrieuw, loud kree-aar or keeak, deep klak-klak-klak-klak and resonant gr-aak. Its calls are usually deeper, harsher and more resonant than those of the rose-ringed parakeet. Its voice becomes harsher when alarmed, and it shrieks loudly when mobbing predators. Flocks occasionally excitedly vocalize together. It is known to imitate human speech in captivity.[2][15][16][17]

Breeding

Alexandrine parakeets breed from November to April in their native range. They usually nest in tree hollows, but sometimes use tree holes excavated by themselves or cracks in buildings. Females lay 2 to 4 white, blunt oval-shaped eggs, measuring 27 to 34 mm (1.1 to 1.3 in). The average incubation period is 24 days. The chicks fledge at about 7 weeks of age, and are dependent on their parents until 3 to 4 months of age.[2][15]

Aviculture

Alexandrine parakeets are relatively popular pet birds due to their long lifespan in captivity (up to 40 years),[18] playful behaviour and ability to mimic human speech. Alexander the Great is thought to have kept one as a pet. They are one of the most sought-after cage birds in the Indian market. According to CITES trade data, at least 57772 Alexandrine parakeets were imported into countries outside their native range between 1981 and 2014.[1][3][5][19]

Color variants including lutino, albino, and blue are well-established in captivity.

The World Parrot Trust recommends that captive Alexandrine parrots be kept in a metal or welded mesh enclosure of minimum length 4.5 metres (15 ft).[18]

Conservation

The Alexandrine parakeet is listed as near threatened by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) because of its steep population decline in its native range due to habitat loss, persecution and excessive capture to cater to the demands of the illegal wildlife trade. It is sporadic in South India, uncommon in Bangladesh, and declining in North Bengal and certain parts of Sri Lanka. It has suffered the greatest population declines in the Sindh and Punjab provinces of Pakistan, Laos, northwestern and southwestern Cambodia, and Thailand.[1][20][21]

The sale of Alexandrine parakeets is not banned in Pakistan, and they can be found being openly sold in the markets of Lahore and Rawalpindi. Their sale is banned in India, and yet they are sold in broad daylight in urban bird markets, suggesting that the Indian government is allocating insufficient resources for their protection.[19][21]

Culture

Sri Lanka, Vietnam, Thailand, Mongolia and Iran have issued postage stamps depicting the Alexandrine parakeet.[22][23][24][25]

References

  1. ^ a b c d e "Psittacula eupatria". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017. BirdLife International: e.T22685434A110985466. 2017 [amended version of 2016 assessment]. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-1.RLTS.T22685434A110985466.en.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i del Hoyo, Josep; Nigel J., Collar; David A., Christie; Andrew, Elliot; Lincoln D.C., Fishpool (2014). Illustrated Checklist of the Birds of the World. Vol. 1: Non-passerines. Barcelona, ES: HBW and BirdLife International / Lynx Edicions. ISBN 978-8496553941.
  3. ^ a b Campbell-Johnston, Rachel (13 February 2007). "A squawk on the wild side". The Times. London, UK. Retrieved 16 January 2013.
  4. ^ "İstanbul'un sevimli misafirleri: Papağanlar". Anadolu Ajansı. 24 November 2018. Retrieved 2 February 2024.
  5. ^ a b Ancillotto, Leonardo; Strubbe, Diederik; Menchetti, Mattia; Mori, Emiliano (27 November 2015). "An overlooked invader? Ecological niche, invasion success and range dynamics of the Alexandrine parakeet in the invaded range" (PDF). Biological Invasions. 18 (2): 583–595. doi:10.1007/s10530-015-1032-y. hdl:10067/1292210151162165141. ISSN 1387-3547. S2CID 17533751. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 September 2019. Retrieved 25 September 2019.
  6. ^ Coughlan, Sean (6 July 2004). "Wild parrots settle in suburbs". BBC News. Retrieved 16 February 2018.
  7. ^ "Psittacula krameri". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018. BirdLife International: e.T22685441A132057695. 2018. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22685441A132057695.en.
  8. ^ Brisson, Mathurin Jacques (1760). Ornithologia, sive synopsis methodica sistens avium divisionem in ordines, sectiones, genera, species, ipsarumque varietates (in Latin). Vol. 4. Paris, FR / Leiden: Bauche. p. 343.
  9. ^ Linnaeus, Carl (1766). Systema Naturae per Regna Tria Naturae, Secundum Classes, Ordines, Genera, Species, cum Characteribus, Differentiis, Synonymis, Locis (in Latin). Vol. I (12th ed.). Holmiae: (Laurentii Salvii). p. 140.
  10. ^ Gill, Frank; Wright, Minturn (2006). Birds of the World: Recommended English names. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0691128276.
  11. ^ Liddell, H.G.; Scott, R. (1940). "εὖ". A Greek–English Lexicon (9th ed.). Oxford, UK: Clarendon Press – via perseus.tufts.edu / Tufts U.
  12. ^ Liddell, H.G.; Scott, R. (1940). "πατριά". A Greek–English Lexicon (9th ed.). Oxford, UK: Clarendon Press – via perseus.tufts.edu / Tufts U.
  13. ^ Groombridge, Jim J.; Jones, Carl G.; Nichols, Richard A.; Carlton, Mark; Bruford, Michael W. (April 2004). "Molecular phylogeny and morphological change in the Psittacula parakeets". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 31 (1): 96–108. Bibcode:2004MolPE..31...96G. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2003.07.008. ISSN 1055-7903. PMID 15019611.
  14. ^ a b Blanford, W.T. (1895). The Fauna of British India, Including Ceylon and Burma. Vol. 3: Birds. London, UK: Taylor and Francis – via Internet Archive.
  15. ^ a b c d Ali, Salim (2003) [1941]. The Book of Indian Birds (13th ed.). Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0195665239.
  16. ^ a b c Forshaw, J.M.; Knight, F. (2010). Parrots of the World. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0643100572.
  17. ^ Juniper, Tony; Parr, Mike (1998). Parrots: A guide to the parrots of the world. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0300074536.
  18. ^ a b "Alexandrine Parakeet (Psittacula eupatria)". Parrot encyclopedia. parrots.org/encyclopedia. World Parrot Trust. Retrieved 14 March 2021.
  19. ^ a b "TRAFFIC helps to claw back illegal parrot trade in India" (Press release). World Wide Fund for Nature. 15 February 2012. Archived from the original on 2018-11-04. Retrieved 4 November 2018.
  20. ^ Red List of Bangladesh (PDF). IUCN Bangladesh. Vol. 3: Birds. Dhaka: International Union for Conservation of Nature. 2015. p. 375. ISBN 9789843407368. Retrieved 18 June 2018.
  21. ^ a b Ilyas, Faizawork (10 March 2013). "Parrots population declining fast in Sindh and Punjab: survey". Dawn. Archived from the original on 20 February 2018. Retrieved 18 February 2018.
  22. ^ "Alexandrine parakeet". Bird-Stamps (bird-stamps.org). Archived from the original on January 9, 2001. Retrieved 12 April 2020.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  23. ^ "Thailand". Birds on stamps. birdtheme.org. Retrieved 24 October 2013.
  24. ^ "Mongolia". Birds on Stamps. birdtheme.org. Retrieved 24 October 2013.
  25. ^ "Iran". Birds on Stamps. birdtheme.org. Retrieved 24 October 2013.

Further reading

Quelle: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandrine_parakeet