Agathis dammara
| Agathis dammara | |
|---|---|
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Scientific classification 
| |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Clade: | Tracheophytes |
| Clade: | Gymnospermae |
| Division: | Pinophyta |
| Class: | Pinopsida |
| Order: | Araucariales |
| Family: | Araucariaceae |
| Genus: | Agathis |
| Species: | A. dammara |
| Binomial name | |
| Agathis dammara | |
| Synonyms[2] | |
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Agathis dammara, commonly known as the Amboina pine or dammar pine,[3] is a coniferous timber[4] tree native to Sulawesi, the Maluku Islands and the Philippines.[1]
Description
Agathis dammara is a medium-large conifer up to 60 m (200 ft) tall and 1.8 m (5 ft 11 in) dmh[clarification needed][5][6] found in lowland to upland tropical rainforests as well as lowland to lower montane rainforests.[7] It belongs to the family Araucariaceae,[8] widespread throughout the Jurassic, Cretacic and Paleogene periods[9]and emerging in the Early Jurassic (around 201 Ma),[10] but now confined to the southern hemisphere.[11] Mature specimens are described as long clear boles with an emergent crown of first-order branches. The bark has been described to be of various gray tones and covered with resin blisters. The leaves have been described to be thick and highly variable in color in every tree.[5][6] This tree is a source of dammar gum, also known as cat-eye resin, and is also used as timber.[7]
Taxonomy
When first discovered and listed as a species it was placed in the genus Pinus (Lambert, 1803), and then later with the firs, Abies (Poir 1817), and then with its own genus, Dammara. It was first recognised as being part of Agathis in 1807, when it was listed as Agathis loranthifolia, and beyond that with species names beccarii, celebica and macrostachys, although it acquired many more names before dammara was settled on.[citation needed]
Agathis celebica and Agathis philippinensis were previously considered distinct species but since 2010 have been synonymous with Agathis dammara.[1]
References
- ^ a b c Farjon A (2013). "Agathis dammara". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2013: e.T202906A2757847. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T202906A2757847.en.
- ^ a b "Agathis dammara". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 22 April 2022.
- ^ "Agathis dammara". Germplasm Resources Information Network. Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 22 April 2022.
- ^ "Agathis wood" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 April 2010.
- ^ a b Whitmore TC (1980). "A monograph of Agathis". Plant Systematics and Evolution. 135 (1–2): 41–69. Bibcode:1980PSyEv.135...41W. doi:10.1007/BF00983006. ISSN 0378-2697.
- ^ a b Silba J (1986). An international census of the Coniferae. Phytologia Memoir. Vol. 8. Corvallis, OR: H.N. Moldenke and A.L. Moldenke.
- ^ a b "Agathis dammara". Threatened Conifers of the World. Retrieved 30 August 2024.
- ^ Kitamura K, Rahman MY (1 October 1992). "Genetic diversity among natural populations of Agathis borneensis (Araucariaceae), a tropical rain forest conifer from Brunei Darussalam, Borneo, Southeast Asia". Canadian Journal of Botany. 70 (10): 1945–1949. doi:10.1139/b92-242. ISSN 0008-4026.
- ^ Poinar G Jr, Archibald B, Brown A (April 1999). "New Amber Deposit Provides Evidence of Early Paleogene Extinctions, Paleoclimates, and Past Distributions". The Canadian Entomologist. 131 (2): 171–177. doi:10.4039/Ent131171-2. ISSN 1918-3240.
- ^ Leslie AB, Beaulieu J, Holman G, Campbell CS, Mei W, Raubeson LR, et al. (September 2018). "An overview of extant conifer evolution from the perspective of the fossil record". American Journal of Botany. 105 (9): 1531–1544. doi:10.1002/ajb2.1143. ISSN 0002-9122. PMID 30157290.
- ^ Kershaw P, Wagstaff B (November 2001). "The Southern Conifer Family Araucariaceae: History, Status, and Value for Paleoenvironmental Reconstruction". Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics. 32 (1): 397–414. doi:10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.32.081501.114059. ISSN 0066-4162.
External links
- Agathis dammara at the Gymnosperm Database.