Eisspeedway

2019 Venezuelan blackouts

A light map of Venezuela on the night of 7 March 2019 and the night of 8 March 2019.[a]

Nationwide recurring electrical blackouts in Venezuela began in March 2019. Experts and state-run Corpoelec (Corporación Eléctrica Nacional) sources attribute the electricity shortages to lack of maintenance and to a lack of technical expertise in the country resulting from a brain drain.[3][4][5] Nicolás Maduro's administration attributes them to sabotage.[6][7][8] Since March, various nationwide blackouts occurred in the country.[9]

The first widespread blackout began on 7 March 2019 at 4:56 pm local time (GMT-4);[10] it lasted through 14 March, when power was restored to much of the country.[11][12] It was the largest power outage in the country's history,[13] and affected the electricity sector in Venezuela in most of its 23 states,[10][14] as well as Roraima border state of Brazil,[15][16] causing serious problems in hospitals and clinics, industry, transport and in water service.[17] At least 43 deaths resulted.[18] On 12 March, power returned to some parts of the country, but Caracas remained only partially powered and western regions near the border with Colombia remained dark.[19] Power outages persisted in some areas for many days after 14 March.[20]

Between 14 and 16 of Venezuela's 23 states were again without power from 25 March[21] to 28 March;[22] at least four people died as a result of the three-day lack of power.[23] Another blackout started in the evening of 29 March,[24] followed by another 24 hours later.[25] During the month of March, Venezuela was without power for at least 10 days overall.[26]

The ongoing power outages have worsened the crisis in Venezuela and "suffering, cutting off water supplies and leaving hospitals and airports in the dark".[27] On 31 March, Maduro announced a 30-day plan to ration power.[28] Another major national blackout occurred on 22 July.[29]

History

Crisis in Venezuela
Causes
Effects
Events
Elections
Protests
Timeline
Armed violence
flag Venezuela portal

Most of Venezuela's power comes from one of the largest hydroelectric dams in the world, Guri Dam in Bolívar State, Venezuela on the Caroni River; as of 2019, 70–80% of Venezuela's power comes from Guri.[13][30] Venezuela has a history of electrical blackouts dating at least to 2010;[31] Juan Nagel wrote in Foreign Policy in 2016 that the problems resulted from "massive government corruption [...] and the country's disastrous energy policies".[32] Univision also reported that the problems in the energy sector resulted from corruption and "lack of maintenance and investment".[31] A report from Transparency Venezuela said that maintenance was abandoned for twenty years beginning in 1998.[31] The aging infrastructure made the problems worse,[30] and critics were silenced; a union leader for state power workers was arrested in 2018 by the Bolivarian Intelligence Service for warning that a blackout was likely.[14]

The private company, Electricidad de Caracas was owned by the United States' AES Corporation until 2007; according to The Wall Street Journal, "Venezuela's power grid was once the envy of Latin America".[13] Then-President Hugo Chávez created the state-run Corpoelec by nationalizing the electric sector and expelling private industry in 2007;[31] hence, the state has been solely responsible for energy supply for over ten years.[32] Univision says Chávez "admitted failures (...) such as the 'insufficient' availability of the thermoelectric generation plant and the limitations of the national electric power transmission network and distribution systems";[31] he signed a decree in 2010 declaring a "State of Emergency of the National Electric Service".[31] Chávez had Corpoelec speed up projects, and bypassing the process of public bidding for projects, he "authorized 'contracting by direct award'," which facilitated corruption.[31]

In 2009, the Chávez administration declared a national electric emergency and invested $100 billion US dollars towards solving it.[33] The Chávez administration "distributed million-dollar contracts without bidding that enriched high officials of his government and the works were never built", according to Univision.[31] The Wall Street Journal stated that the government awarded electrical contracts to companies with little experience in the energy sector.[13] Billions of dollars were awarded in contracts for projects that were never completed, leading to international investigations of "high officials of the Chavez regime today persecuted for plundering the coffers of the Bolivarian Republic".[31] Critics say that one company, Derwick Associates, was given projects although they had no previous experience; Derwick denies any bribes were involved.[13][31] Of 40 energy projects approved between 2010 and 2014 analyzed by Transparency Venezuela, 17 are not completed as of March 2019, none are operating at capacity, and overcharging by billions of dollars was identified.[31]

Hugo Chávez in Brasilia in 2011

Further complicating the technical matters, the administration of Corpoelec was handed over to a Venezuelan National Guard Major General, Luis Motta Domínguez, who had admitted to a lack of experience in the energy industry.[31] Restarting an aging power grid requires specialists and equipment that may no longer be available in Venezuela,[30] as a result of a brain drain; thousands of workers have left the country,[34][35] or have left Corpoelec because of "meager wages and an atmosphere of paranoia fed by Mr. Maduro's ever-present secret police", according to experts cited by The New York Times.[5]

There were two major blackouts in 2013.[30] In 2016, Venezuela had a severe electricity crisis that caused blackouts, industry shutdowns, and the decision by then-President Nicolás Maduro to cut back on government employees' work hours.[32] Maduro's administration has put rationing in place several times, and changed the country's clocks to accommodate a daytime commute.[30] Nagel wrote in 2016, "... there are two main reasons for the crisis: excessive electricity consumption and insufficient production. And the root of both of these problems is bad governance: populism, poor planning, inflexible ideology, and overwhelming corruption."[32] And in 2017, there were more than 18,000 power outages nationwide.[34]

In 2017, the National Assembly investigated the $100 billion invested in the electrical system and determined that over $80 billion was embezzled, that more than 14 thermoelectric stations were not functioning, and that neither the electrical transmission nor the distribution system had adequate maintenance.[36]

Attempts to explain the ongoing power failures, despite the billions of dollars spent, have led to public scorn and ridicule on social media;[31] in 2018, Motta Dominguez said on Instagram, "Comrades! In some cases, faults in the electrical system are produced by animals such as: rats, mice, snakes, cats, squirrels, rabbits, turkey vultures, etc., that are looking for burrows, nests or hiding places, and are introduced into the system's equipment causing the failure."[31] In March 2019, two Venezuelan citizens—Jesús Ramón Veroes and Luis Alberto Chacín Haddad, who live in the US and have long associations with Corpoelec's Motta Domínguez—were charged in Florida District Court with money laundering, violating the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act, and "misappropriation, theft and embezzlement of public funds by or for the benefit of a public official"; the complaint alleges millions of dollars were transferred from Corpoelec to their Florida bank accounts in 2016 and 2017.[37]

Causes

Guri Dam

Most of Venezuela's largest cities are powered from the San Geronimo B substation, connected to the hydroelectric power plant at the Gurí Dam "via one of the longest high-voltage lines in the world".[5] Sources cited by Corpoelec indicated a vegetation fire occurred on three lines of 765 kV between the dam and the Malena and San Gerónimo B substations.[3] The fire overheated the lines, triggering load rejection mechanisms that protect the lines connected to the dam.[3] According to the School of Electrical Engineering of the Central University of Venezuela, the momentary loss of power at the Gurí Dam caused the turbines to increase their speed, creating an overload on electrical systems.[38][4] The university further stated that the safety control systems in Gurí were activated to reduce the increased energy input, but the system became uncontrollable and forced operators to disconnect the generators in the dam.[38][4] When the generators were disconnected, the electrical frequency could not be regulated and overloaded power plants located in Caruachi and Macagua.[38][4] Because thermal power plants in Venezuela are not being operated due to the shortages of fuel provided by PDVSA, fluctuations in electrical frequencies exacerbated the power grid and contributed to continued blackouts.[4]

Satellite images by NASA show that the vegetation fire in the Guri started a day before the blackout.[39] Vegetation near power lines in Venezuela had not been pruned since 2018 – a particularly serious situation because of the dry season.[3] Engineers and analysts quoted by The Guardian say the cause is underfunding and mismanagement, including the deployment of soldiers to operate electrical substations instead of electricians.[14] A fault affected three large cables from the Simón Bolívar Hydroelectric Plant, which supply 80% of Venezuela's power. One cable lost power between the Malena and San Gerónimo B substations on the main network, which caused the other two to also lose power.[14] The engineer Miguel Lara, ex-manager of the Office of Planning of the Interconnected System, quoted by El Pitazo, declared the thermal plants did not start and that the rapid response generation plants did not work, so the electric service during the blackout was restored only in some areas.[3] The New York Times quoted José Aguilar, a Chicago-based Venezuelan power industry expert and consultant for reinsurance companies, who reviewed country-wide power levels during the blackout and said the government had attempted to restart Guri multiple times, leading to an explosion at a nearby substation.[5] Aguilar said these restart attempts had damaged "something else in the system, destabilizing the grid yet further (...) Obviously, they are hiding something from us."[5] The blackout occurred on Thursday 7 March; The New York Times said Corpoelec workers and a manager said no date had been set by 11 March for restart; that they were asked not to report to work that Monday; and the Times added, "[t]heir names have been withheld to protect them from government reprisals."[5]

Another backup substation, San Geronimo A, is connected to a smaller plant at Matagua, and was able to send a weaker, intermittent current during the blackout.[5] The government had built over a dozen backup plants powered by diesel or natural gas; none of them functioned during the outage.[40] The New York Times said the supply of fuel required to run thermal power plants has been affected by US sanctions.[40]

The administration of Nicolás Maduro blamed US sabotage for the outage[14] without providing any evidence, according to the BBC[41] and The New York Times.[5] Maduro alleged that the US had used advanced technology for a cyberattack on the grid.[41] Jorge Rodríguez, communications minister for the Maduro administration, pointed to Twitter posts by US Senator Marco Rubio, Secretary of State Mike Pompeo, and acting president Juan Guaidó, alleging that they demonstrated inside information about the blackout.[42]

Guaidó said Maduro's administration had failed to maintain the electrical grid.[14][43] Venezuelan energy experts cited by El Pitazo have rejected the theory that the blackout was caused by sabotage, since the area of the Gurí Dam is heavily guarded by members of the Armed Forces, where it operates a special command and the internal security of Corpolec.[3] These specialists have also pointed out that Gurí was constructed before the Internet existed, does not use the Internet, hence does not allow for hacking.[3] A risk management consultant cited by El Nacional dismissed the statement by government officials and assured that the design of the hydroelectric plant system does not allow "attacks" of that type. He said, "These systems can not be attacked remotely. They are closed control systems designed for generating turbines to work synchronously," and that would be "like hacking a refrigerator or a blender."[3]

The term "electromagnetic attack" often used, for a blackout of this magnitude, to refer an electromagnetic pulse (EMP) generated by a high-altitude nuclear explosion, similar to those tested by the US in Starfish Prime or by Soviet Union's Project K.[44] Sharon Burke from New America, a non partisan think tank, consider that such an event would be noticeable by other nations.[44] David Weinstein, chief security officer at Claroty, a security company that specializes in protecting infrastructure, considers unlikely the use of electromagnetic bursts to knock out the Venezuelan electric grid and states that "the power fails easily in Venezuela anyway, so it's almost like a waste of the capability".[44]

Lisandro Cabello, secretary of the state of Zulia governorship from the PSUV party, said the explosions in electrical substations in that state were caused by kites.[45]

Effects

The most vulnerable sectors of society were affected, with power, water, food, transportation and medical shortages.[46] France 24 reported that the country lost US$200 million daily according to Carlos Larrazabal, the head of Fedecámaras; he said the biggest losses were in the food sector.[47] Torino Capital investment bank estimated that US$1 billion was lost from Venezuela's GDP as a result of the power outages.[48]

Food and water

With the blackout, already existing shortages of food and medicine were aggravated;[49] refrigerated food products were damaged,[50] and meat, fish and dairy retailers without refrigeration had to close.[49] With ongoing disruption in refrigeration, Fedecameras said that production of meat, milk and vegetables were cut in half.[47] One bakery said it had lost all bread dough for one day, which was equivalent in value to 56 times the monthly minimum wage.[40]

Due to the lack of electricity, the water distribution system also had shortages. José de Viana, an engineer and former president of Hidrocapital, the municipal water company in Caracas, said that the 20,000 liters per second of water that Caracas needs fell to 13,000 during the blackouts, and later completely stopped.[51] He said that 90% of the thermoelectric plants that work as a backup if power fails are not operational because of lack of maintenance, or they have been simply disconnected,[52] and that "the most important population centers in the country [had] zero water supply for more than four days. Not a single drop of new water has been entering Caracas since Thursday, 7 March".[53] According to The Washington Post, analysts said that two-thirds of Venezuela's population (20 million people) were without water, partially or completely, in the weeks after the blackouts.[52]

In Caracas, beginning 11 March, hundreds of people[54] swarmed the polluted Guaire River in the center of Caracas to fill plastic containers with contaminated water, or collected water from streams at El Ávila National Park.[51] Others tried to catch water from the city's sewer drains.[55] Hundreds of people lined up at the foot of El Ávila hill to collect water from its streams.[56] Long lines were reported in the state of Carabobo to buy water, ice and fuel,[57] while in the state of Lara people bathed in the sewers.[58]

The head of the infectious disease department at the University Hospital of Caracas, Maria Eugenia Landaeta said that, without access to clean water, the chance of people contracting bacterial infections increased, and that doctors had seen during the blackouts "surges in diarrhea, typhoid fever and hepatitis A",[52] while non-sterile water and lack of hygiene was contributing to postpartum infections.[52] The University Hospital goes months without dependable water or power supply, and depends on water tanks and power generators.[52]

Telecommunications and banking

An explosion occurred at an unidentified power station in the state of Bolívar on 9 March, causing additional, concurrent outages that disabled 96%[59] of Venezuela's telecommunications infrastructure.[60] With most of telecommunications unavailable, both access to news in Venezuelan and reports on the situation abroad were significantly reduced.[61][62]

Shortages of the Venezuelan bolívar have been aggravated by the blackout. During the first days of the blackout the use of payment cards was not possible, as electricity and internet were not available, and some banks were closed. This problem, with the scarcity of cash, pushed some shops to accept only foreign currency, mostly the US dollar.[63] The need to use hard currency frequently led to the US dollar becoming dominant for transactions whilst banking was unavailable, overriding fears of the Maduro government's loose currency controls theoretically banning foreign currency, which supposedly accelerated the process of the popular currency defaulting to US dollars. After the blackout ended, many shops and other transactions kept prices in dollars, with people publicly using and talking about the spending; about 30% of all transactions in Venezuela were being done in dollars at the time.[64]

Hospital conditions and deaths

As of 13 March, there have been at least 43 reported deaths.[18] At least 26 were as a direct result of a prolonged loss of electricity,[14] though doctor Julio Castro clarified that this was based on the records of 40 primary medical centers, and the number is certainly higher.[65] Withholding his name for fear of government reprisals, The New York Times cited a "top medical official" who said there were 47 deaths in the main hospital in Maracaibo, half of which he attributed to the blackout.[66]

The Coalition of Organizations for the Right to Health and Life (Codevida) announced that 15 patients on renal dialysis died because these services were unavailable.[65] El Pitazo reported that six deaths were registered in the hospital of Acarigua-Araure, in Portuguesa, two of which were direct results of blackout. The hospital was not able to work at full capacity because of fuel shortages.[67]

Several patients with gunshot wounds – who could have received treatment – had amputations instead, for concern of "fatal complications if the blackout continued".[66] Efecto Cocuyo reported that an 86-year-old man fell and died after fracturing his skull in Lara.[68] Patients were robbed on two floors of a hospital that had lighting only in the emergency room from a generator when an armed group gained access to the hospital.[66] With no light, pregnant women in another hospital had to be sent outside.[66]

The government denied any deaths caused by the blackout;[49] the health minister said that reports linking deaths to the blackout were false.[69]

Infrastructure and industry

The blackout caused the Caracas Metro to shut down and public transportation to come to a standstill;[69] the lack of transportation affected the ability of personnel to get to their jobs, for example, in the medical industry.[69]

Restarting a power grid requires technical expertise that may no longer be present in Venezuela, and requires planning to balance and "handle the power surges and fluctuations involved in bringing power back online".[30] Since the original outage, there have been ongoing electrical substation explosions, causing further outages, including one in southeastern Caracas,[70] and a chain of explosions at substations in Maracaibo.[71]

According to Conindustria, the industrial sector lost about $220 million during March due to the blackouts.[72]

The blackout damaged elements of petroleum delivery, operations were disrupted,[73] and some damaged installations cannot be brought back online quickly; Venezuela's long-term oil production capacity could be affected.[74] Ali Moshiri, who oversaw Chevron operations in Venezuela, said he had warned the government for years that the oil fields needed independent power supplies, but his advice had not been heeded; he said, "All of the oil field production is tied into the public grid and if the public grid goes down, those fields get shut in."[40] The International Energy Agency says that because of the economic situation in Venezuela, and problems with the electricity supply, the entire Venezuelan industry is at risk of collapsing.[75]

Venezuela was once one of the three top producers of OPEC crude oil;[76] ten years ago, it produced over 3 million barrels per day (BPD), and in February 2018, 2 million BPD.[47] Production "has been declining for years due to economic collapse"; in March, Venezuela lost another 150,000 barrels per day in production.[76] An oil expert told France 24 that production completely ceased at one point during the blackouts.[47] The lack of power caused most of Venezuela's oil rigs to be shut down, and for a short time, cut the country's production in half. Unnamed sources told Bloomberg that, because of the power outages, output had dipped as low as 600,000 BPD, although Bloomberg says that production averaged 890,000 BPD for the month of March,[77] and Venezuela told OPEC it produced 960,000 BPD.[78] Wills Rangel, a former director of PDVSA, said the Orinoco Belt has not yet recovered from the blackouts; cleaning or repairing pipes that clogged while the heating system that helps the heavy crude move through pipelines was down could take months. Four upgraders—"facilities that convert the extra-heavy oil to more commercial blends"—require power and have not resumed production as of 5 April 2019, as the power grid has not been stabilized.[77] By April, Venezuela's exports were steady at a million barrels daily, "partially due to inventory drains".[79]

Five days without power "wiped out what little was left of Venezuela's heavy industry" in steel, aluminum and iron, according to The New York Times.[48] Because of the blackout, equipment used to make aluminum at the state-run Venalum, a subsidiary of Corporación Venezolana de Guayana, was damaged and the entire industry shut down.[13] Venezuela's largest steelmaker SIDOR ceased operating permanently after the blackout. Its production had been gradually decreasing since the company was nationalized in 2008 by Hugo Chávez. A former director said that Chávez had "received it as a productive and solvent company; but management coming from the military world, unaware of 'steel manufacturing' activity, together with the 'absence of strategic planning and investments, led to a sustained fall in production'."[80][81] The Alcasa aluminum plant and at least three other iron smelters also shut down.[48] Many of the heavy industry plants had been operating at low capacity because of poor management, with laborers reporting to work because free meals were offered.[48]

Education

Classes in primary schools, high schools and universities were suspended.[82]

Looting

During the night of 9 March and the early morning of 10 March, there was looting at Avenida San Martín in Caracas; locals tried to drive away the looters. Later that night, tanks of the Bolivarian National Police (PNB) traveled through the area without stopping the attempted looting. At 1:30 in the morning, two tanks arrived in the area and fired tear gas bombs at the looters then remained to guard the area.[83] In the early hours, people were looting a supermarket in La Florida, mostly taking liquor and personal hygiene items. A worker at the store said that they found leftover candles, which were presumably used to find entrance to the building.[84] On 10 March, another group tried to loot the supermarket at the La Pirámide shopping center in Baruta Municipality. National Police officers arrested at least 50 people.[85]

According to Fedecámaras, in only two days, more than 350 stores were looted in the state of Zulia,[86] and The New York Times said 523 stores were looted during the week in Maracaibo.[66] Authorities either responded late or ignored the looting in many cases, and withdrew from most places except one area in the west of Maracaibo, where around 400 people tried to loot until soldiers of the Venezuelan National Guard (GNB) arrived.[86] Hundreds of buildings were looted in the city, not only because of a lack of electricity but also a lack of supply of gasoline and drinking water; 70% of the Delicias Norte shopping center was looted, 30 stores in Centro Sambil were looted, and the Curva de Molina sector was completely destroyed. At a bakery in the center of the city a group of people threw a tear gas bomb before looting.[87]

Businesses in Barcelona, Anzoátegui were looted on 11 March and 29 people were arrested.[88]

Power rationing

On 31 March, Maduro announced a 30-day plan to ration power.[28] The president of Venezuela's Electrical and Mechanical Engineering Association said the power grid was " barely generating between 5,500 and 6,000 megawatts, when it has the capacity to generate 34,000 megawatts".[28] Maduro's administration announced that the workday would be shortened to 2:00 pm, that schools would remain closed, and that access to water would be a priority.[28] On 5 April, Corpoelec published a power rationing schedule, indicating that Caracas and part of Miranda state would not be rationed, and rationing would be implemented in five three-hour blocks for at least 30 days.[89][90]

The governor Omar Prieto announced on 9 April that the electricity rationing in the Zulia state would last up to 12 hours per day.[91]

Investigation and arrests

The blackout came in the midst of the 2019 Venezuelan presidential crisis, that started when the National Assembly declared that Nicolás Maduro's 2018 reelection was invalid and the body declared its president, Juan Guaidó, to be acting president of the nation. Maduro's Prosecutor General Tarek William Saab announced an investigation of Guaidó for sabotage of the power grid,[92] alleging he was an "intellectual author" of the "attack".[41]

Maduro called on the colectivos, saying, "The time has come for active resistance".[93][94] US State Department special envoy to Venezuela Elliot Abrams labeled this a "breakdown in law and order", and said, "That's calling for armed gangs to take over the streets (...) Perhaps it is a sign of Maduro's lack of confidence in his own security forces."[95] The United States withdrew all embassy personnel from Venezuela.[96]

National Assembly deputy Juan Andrés Mejía announced that the legislature had communicated with and sought assistance from Brazil, Colombia, Germany, Spain, the United States and several Caribbean island countries, and asked that OLADE (Latin American Organization for Energy) send a commission to investigate the cause.[97] Maduro said he would ask Russia, China, Iran and Cuba for help in investigating the cyberattack on the power grid,[98] and that two people had been arrested in connection with the attack.[99]

Between the evening of 11 March and the morning of 12 March, Bolivarian Intelligence Service agents raided the Caracas residence of journalist Luis Carlos Díaz, arrested him, and detained him at El Helicoide,[100] accusing him of instigating the blackout.[101] He was released after a hearing, and was charged with "instigation to commit a crime", was obligated to appear before the courts every eight days, and was prohibited from leaving the country, making declarations to the media or participating in public demonstrations.[102]

Roberto Marrero, Guaidó's chief of staff, was arrested by SEBIN during a raid on his home in the early morning hours of 21 March.[103] He was accused of terrorism and involvement in the blackout.[104] During the 2019 Venezuelan presidential crisis, the US had repeatedly warned Maduro not to go after Guaidó; Haaretz reported that the arrest of Guaidó's number-two person was a test of the US.[103] A risk consultant for London's IHS Markit, Diego Moya-Ocampos, said to Bloomberg that "the regime is testing the international community and its repeated warnings against laying a hand on Maduro's rival [Guaidó] ... if they can't touch him, they'll go after those close to him."[105] Nicholas Watson of Teneo Intelligence told The Wall Street Journal that "Marrero's arrest looks like a desperate attempt to break Guaidó's momentum .. The weakness in the regime's position is visible in the fact that arresting Guaidó himself would be seen as a step too far."[106]

Sequels

Second

Two weeks after power was restored from the 7 March blackout, Venezuela was still enduring ongoing power outages; on 25 March, another widespread blackout occurred. The Guardian reported that half the country was affected, and other media sources said 14 to 16 of Venezuela's 23 states were without power.[21] The Caracas Metro shut down,[107] shops closed early to avoid looting,[108] private and government workers were sent home,[21] and 91% of telecommunications were down.[109] Oil exports in Puerto José were halted due to lack of electricity.[110]

The BBC reported that Information Minister Jorge Rodríguez "had gone on state TV earlier to repeat the now-familiar assertion that opposition sabotage rather than a lack of maintenance had caused the afternoon blackout, saying hackers had attacked computers at the country's main hydroelectric dam."[6] Maduro later claimed that the blackout was caused by a rifle, "probably by a sniper hired by the opposition",[111] causing ridicule from Venezuelans.[112] Guaidó said, "despite the persecution and intimidation, there are honest people in Corpoelec" who inform us about the cause of the outage, which he said was an electrical fault in the San Jerónimo – La Horqueta – La Arenosa line that caused an overload in the substations.[113]

Rodríguez stated that most of the service was reestablished in record time;[6] power was restored in the evening but went out again during the night.[6] As the blackout continued, businesses were closed for three days, and school and universities were cancelled.[114]

In the hospitals monitored by the group Physicians for Health (Medicos por la Salud), four patients died because of the blackout. Three were elderly women in Caracas and Maracay, who could not be moved in time to an emergency room because elevators were not working due to the power outage, and one was an elderly man who died in San Cristóbal. Of the hospitals that were monitored, 71% were without water, and 53% had power from generators.[23]

Most cities had recovered from the blackout by 28 March,[22] and oil exports in Puerto José were restarted.[115]

End of March–Early April

Intermittent service continued after the first two widespread blackouts.[116] Another blackout started in the evening of 29 March.[24] A fourth blackout occurred on 30 March, at the same time in the evening (7:10 pm local time) as the third, affecting at least 20 states.[25] Classes in schools and universities restarted on 3 April.[82]

On 9 April, power was again out in parts of Caracas and in more than 20 states of the country;[117] this blackout occurred even after a rationing plan was put in place and at places and times where and when the plan called for power to be on.[116] About 90% of the country's telecommunications infrastructure went offline.[118]

July

Another major national blackout occurred on the evening of 22 July.[29] Nineteen states were affected.[29] NetBlocks measurements, indicate that only 6% of the country telecommunications remained active.[29] Non-stop state TV transmissions were off the air.[119] Subway transportation was also affected on rush hour traffic.[119] Work and schools were suspended the following day.[119] Maduro's administration reiterated the "electromagnetic attack" allegations as the cause of the blackout.[29] This blackout happened on the eve of an expected public assembly by Juan Guaidó.[120] "They tried to hide the tragedy by rationing supplies across the country, but their failure is evident: they destroyed the system and they don't have answers," said Guaidó during the blackout.[29]

Power returned to Caracas the following day.[119] According to the new energy minister, Freddy Brito, power had returned to five of the states on 23 July.[119]

Reactions

The National Assembly declared a state of emergency as an answer to the nationwide blackout.[121]

The Lima Group held Maduro entirely responsible for the outage.[122] Declaring that the Group stands in solidarity with "the Venezuelan people [who] have been suffering for years", the Group issued a statement saying the "situation only confirms the existence and magnitude of the humanitarian crisis that the Maduro regime refuses to recognize."[122] The statement said, "Only a legitimate government that emerged from free and democratic elections can carry out the reconstruction of the institutions, infrastructure and economy of the country that Venezuelans need to recover their dignity, the exercise of civic freedoms and the respect of their human rights."[122]

China offered to help restore the electrical system.[123] A spokesperson for the Chinese Foreign Ministry said they hoped the cause could be found quickly; without further detail, he said that China had received reports that the power grid had gone down due to a hacking attack and that "China is willing to provide help and technical support to restore Venezuela's power grid."[123]

Russian Foreign Ministry Spokeswoman Maria Zakharova said that Russia agrees with Maduro that Western sabotage caused the power outage in Venezuela. She alleged that "it was an attempt to remotely influence control systems at major electrical substations where Canadian-made equipment is installed".[124] President of Bolivia Evo Morales labeled the outage "a cowardly act of terror" and rejected what he called the continuous meddling of the US in Venezuela's affairs.[125] President of Cuba Miguel Díaz-Canel condemned the "aggression against Venezuela" and labeled the sabotage a "terrorist attack".[126]

US special envoy for Venezuela, Elliott Abrams, denied any US responsibility, saying, "This is a multiyear decline in Venezuela. The situation there, due to the mismanagement, the economic policies and the sheer corruption of this regime, are the cause of those problems."[40]

During the second blackout, on 26 March Guaidó said the "blackout shows that the dictator is incapable of finding a solution to the crisis".[113] He criticized that after government officials claimed that the cause of the blackout was a cyberattack, they changed the narrative to claim it was produced by "sabotage", stressing that the electric facilities are heavily militarized.[127] Following the fourth blackout, Guaidó said that he will enlist help from the Japanese government to address the blackouts, and that Japan's many electricity-related companies were prepared to invest in Venezuela to help improve the power situation.[128]

Chavista deputy Eduardo Labrador, representing the Maduro government PSUV party in Zulia state, asked in mid-March that Motta Domínguez, in office since 2015,[129] be dismissed as head of Corpoelec.[130] On 1 April, Motta Domínguez was fired and replaced by a 65-year-old electrical engineer, Igor Gavidia León.[131] In May, Gavidia León was replaced with engineer Freddy Brito.[132]

Protests

Main article: 2019 Venezuelan protests

Guaidó "took to the streets" to question Maduro's governance during the first two days of the blackout. According to The New York Times, "Maduro did not address the nation and his public silence has fed the tension gripping Caracas".[40]

Protests against Maduro in Caracas and other cities were called for 9 March, and went on despite the closure of the Caracas Metro and the lack of social media. The rally headed by Guaidó, took place near the presidential palace in Miraflores; The Washington Post labeled the manifestation as "unusual" as it was held in a sector usually associated with Maduro supporters. Heavy police presence blocked the streets with anti-riot shields.[133]

During the second nationwide blackout, Guaidó summoned new protests that would precede Operation Freedom (Spanish: Operación Libertad), a decisive massive rally through Caracas.[134] According to Guaidó, the goal of the protests is to increase political pressure, but rehearsals are needed as the operation cannot be organized "from one day to the next".[134] After Maduro's government talked about a cybernetic and electromagnetic attack, and about a sniper, Guaidó asked what would be the next version.[135]

Thousands of Venezuelans participated in a rally on Saturday, 30 March, against the recurring blackouts.[136] Guaidó toured around Miranda state and Caracas giving several speeches.[137] A rival pro-Maduro march was held the same day to protest against "imperialism" and in "defense of liberty".[136][137] Anti-riot police used tear gas against several opposition groups in areas where the Maduro supporters were active.[137] Cacerolazos were reported in Caracas after blackouts resumed on Saturday night.[138]

The next day, protests against the lack of electricity and water occurred in Caracas and other cities. Some of the protests occurred close to the presidential palace.[139] Maduro called again on the colectivos, asking them "to defend the peace of every barrio, of every block".[140] Videos circulated on social media showing colectivos threatening protesters and shooting in the streets;[139] two protestors were shot.[140] On Sunday night, police fired at protesters after they set burning barricades.[141]

Public opinion

According to a March poll by Meganálisis, 84.3% of Venezuelans reject the electrical sabotage theory.[142] A poll by Hercon Consultores of 1,000 voters surveyed between 26 March and 4 April 2019 found similar – that 87.5% of Venezuelans reject the theory.[143]

See also

Venezuela

Other

Notes

  1. ^ The map also shows the world's largest gas flare (as of 2016) at Punta de Mata, in the upper right quadrant.[1][2]

References

  1. ^ Nunez, Christina (13 January 2016). "The world is hemorrhaging methane, and now we can see where". National Geographic. Archived from the original on 15 January 2016. Retrieved 18 March 2019.
  2. ^ Kurmanaev, Anatoly (23 October 2016). "Venezuelan oil is largely staying in ground or going up in smoke; The country's vast oil potential isn't being realized for lack of equipment, commitment and capital". Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 18 March 2019.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h Angulo, Nataly; Batiz, César (10 March 2019). "¿Por qué ocurrió el apagón nacional que provocó el caos en Venezuela? Los expertos explican" [Why did the national blackout that caused the chaos in Venezuela happen? The experts explain]. Univision (in Spanish). Retrieved 17 March 2019. Especialistas venezolanos en el tema eléctrico explican que el corte masivo de electricidad se debió a la falta de mantenimiento, desprofesionalización constante del sector en los últimos años del chavismo, falta de inversión y la gran vulnerabilidad que representa depender de un solo embalse: el de Guri, ubicado en el sur del país, en el estado Bolívar.
    and
    * "Desmontan versión de ataque cibernético: 'Es como hackear una nevera'" [Dismantling cyberattack version: 'It's like hacking a fridge']. El Nacional (in Spanish). 9 March 2019. Retrieved 17 March 2019. Expertos aseguran que el sistema de El Guri se creó antes de que existiera Internet, por lo que no depende de dicho tipo de conexiones para funcionar.
    * Brassesco, Javier and Fernando Nunez-Noda. "Expediente: Las causas del apagón en Venezuela" [File: The causes of the blackout in Venezuela]. Verifikado (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 30 March 2019. Retrieved 14 March 2019. Univision recogió opiniones de expertos ...
  4. ^ a b c d e Molina Guzmán, Julio (12 March 2019). "Origen de la falla eléctrica en Venezuela". Central University of Venezuela. Retrieved 14 March 2019.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h "No end in sight to Venezuela's blackout, experts warn". New York Times. 11 March 2019. Retrieved 18 March 2019. Energy experts, Venezuelan power sector contractors and current and former Corpoelec employees have dismissed accusations of sabotage, saying the blackout was the result of years of underinvestment, corruption and brain drain. (...) Restarting the turbines requires skilled operators who can synchronize the speed of rotation on as many as nine of Guri's operational turbines. Experts said the most experienced operators had long left the company because of meager wages and an atmosphere of paranoia fed by Mr. Maduro's ever-present secret police.
  6. ^ a b c d "Venezuela crisis: Fresh power cuts black out Caracas". BBC. 26 March 2019. Retrieved 26 March 2019.
  7. ^ "Thousands join rival protests on streets of Venezuela as power cuts continue". MSN. 10 March 2019. Archived from the original on 18 March 2019. Retrieved 15 March 2019.
  8. ^ "Conformarán una comisión presidencial para investigar el ciberataque y mostrar la verdad". Prensa MPP (in Spanish). 12 March 2019. Retrieved 15 March 2019.
  9. ^ Angulo, Nataly. "Los cuatro apagones que oscurecen a Venezuela" (in Spanish). El Pitazo. Retrieved 23 July 2019.
  10. ^ a b Rodríguez Rosas, Ronny (9 March 2019). "A Motta Domínguez se le cumplió el plazo y no cumplió" [Motta Domínguez's deadline was met and he did not comply]. Efecto Cocuyo (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 13 March 2019. Retrieved 13 March 2019.
  11. ^ "Venezuela: power returns after blackout but normal service may be a long way off". The Guardian. 14 March 2016. Retrieved 17 March 2019.
  12. ^ "Four dead, hundreds detained after Venezuela blackout: rights groups". Reuters. 14 March 2019. Retrieved 17 March 2019.
  13. ^ a b c d e f Dube, Ryan and Maolis Castro (8 March 2019). "Venezuela Blackout Plunges Millions Into Darkness; Maduro, without evidence, blames sabotage by local opponents and the U.S. for power outage". Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 10 March 2019. One company, Derwick Associates, formed by a number of well connected young businessmen with scant experience in the power business, received about $1.8 billion in contracts from Venezuelan state companies to buy and install turbines, paying a U.S. company about $1 billion to do the work. Derwick officials said they paid no bribes to any Venezuelan officials and the prices charged by the company reflected the high costs of doing business in Venezuela.
  14. ^ a b c d e f g Jones, Sam (13 March 2019). "Venezuela blackout: what caused it and what happens next?". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 13 March 2019.
  15. ^ Foggin, Sophie (26 March 2019). "Why Venezuela's power outage is also a Brazilian problem". Latin America Reports. Retrieved 17 June 2019.
  16. ^ "Blackout darkens much of Venezuela in latest taste of economic woes". Buenos Aires Times. 8 March 2019. Retrieved 17 June 2019.
  17. ^ "En el tercer día de apagón en Venezuela, reportan que murieron 17 pacientes por falta de diálisis" [On the third day of the blackout in Venezuela, it is reported that 17 patients died due to lack of dialysis]. Infobae (in Spanish). 9 March 2019. Retrieved 13 March 2019.
  18. ^ a b Arroyo, Lorena (12 March 2019). "Denuncian ONGs: apagón deja al menos 43 pacientes muertos en Venezuela" [NGOs denounce: blackout leaves at least 43 patients dead in Venezuela]. Univisión. Retrieved 13 March 2019.
  19. ^ "Venezuela, blaming U.S. for six-day blackout, orders diplomats to leave". Reuters. 12 March 2019. Retrieved 12 March 2019.
  20. ^ "Servicio eléctrico sigue sin restituirse totalmente tras el apagón nacional". El Nacional (in Spanish). 18 March 2019. Retrieved 18 March 2019.
  21. ^ a b c Phillips, Tom (25 March 2019). "'No more hope': fresh blackout leaves half of Venezuela without power". The Guardian. Retrieved 25 March 2019.
  22. ^ a b Sequera, Vivian; Cohen, Luc (29 March 2019). "Venezuela blocks Guaido from office as the opposition scoffs". Reuters. Retrieved 29 March 2019.
  23. ^ a b Altuve, Armando (29 March 2019). "Médicos por la Salud contabiliza cuatro muertes por segundo apagón nacional" [Doctors for Health counts four deaths per second national blackout]. El Pitazo (in Spanish). Retrieved 29 March 2019.
  24. ^ a b "New round of power cuts hits major cities in Venezuela". Al Jazeera. 29 March 2019. Retrieved 30 March 2019.
  25. ^ a b "Nuevo apagón afectó a Venezuela este sábado" [New blackout affected Venezuela this Saturday]. El Nacional (in Spanish). 30 March 2019. Archived from the original on 28 February 2021. Retrieved 30 March 2019.
  26. ^ "Venezuela sufre el tercer apagón en solo tres semanas". Telemundo 51 (in Spanish). 29 March 2019. Retrieved 30 March 2019.
  27. ^ Pons, Corina and Brian Ellsworth (29 March 2019). "International Red Cross ready for Venezuela humanitarian aid operation". Reuters. Retrieved 30 March 2019.
  28. ^ a b c d Bermudez, Margioni (1 April 2019). "Maduro announces 30 days of electricity rationing in Venezuela". Yahoo. AFP. Retrieved 1 April 2019.
  29. ^ a b c d e f Sánchez, Fabiola; Goodman, Joshua (23 July 2019). "Much of Venezuela in the dark again after massive blackout". Associated Press. Retrieved 23 July 2019.
  30. ^ a b c d e f Newman, Lily Hay (12 March 2019). "Why it's so hard to restart Venezuela's power grid". Wired. Retrieved 13 March 2019.
  31. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Peñaloza, Pedro Pablo (10 March 2019). "Más de una década de corrupción e improvisación dejan a Venezuela a oscuras" [More than a decade of corruption and improvisation leave Venezuela in the dark]. Univision (in Spanish). Retrieved 14 March 2019.
  32. ^ a b c d Nagel, Juan Cristóbal (1 April 2016). "In Venezuela, the Lights Are Going Out". Foreign Policy. Retrieved 10 March 2019. U.S. and Swiss authorities launched probes into Derwick Associates, a Venezuelan firm that builds power plants for the government. No criminal charges have yet been filed, but the firm is being investigated for laundering money and paying bribes to the state-owned oil giant, PDVSA, using international financial institutions. Venezuelan investigative journalists and bloggers have been on Dewick's (sic) case, finding more examples of bad behavior. They claim that its contracts were overpriced and awarded without public tender, and that the firm passed off used power plants as brand new. Derwick denies all these allegations, claiming that it is being subjected to a "witch hunt." Derwick is just one firm, but the saga appears to confirm that much of what ails Venezuela's electricity sector has to do with massive government corruption. It would be simplistic to say that corruption is the only problem, however. In addition to tackling corruption, sorting out this mess for good would involve undoing the country's disastrous energy policies – privatizing electricity generation and raising prices.
  33. ^ Vinogradoff, Ludmila (8 March 2019). "Un largo apagón de 20 horas deja en la oscuridad a toda Venezuela". ABC (in Spanish). Retrieved 18 March 2019.
  34. ^ a b Rendon, Moises (14 March 2019). "Venezuela's man-made power outage". Center for Strategic and International Studies. Retrieved 14 March 2019.
  35. ^ Sequera, Vivian and Brian Ellsworth (8 March 2019). "WrapUp: Venezuela crippled by power blackout, China warns over foreign meddling". CNBN. Archived from the original on 8 March 2021. Retrieved 14 March 2019.
  36. ^ Grant, Will (14 March 2019). "Entrevista de Juan Guaidó con la BBC: "Ninguno de los organismos de seguridad que el gobierno controla se ha atrevido a apresarme"". BBC. Retrieved 18 March 2019.
  37. ^ "Los montos que recibieron de Corpoelec Jesús Ramón Veroes y Luis Alberto Chacín, acusados por EEUU de corrupción" [The amounts received by Jesús Ramón Veroes and Luis Alberto Chacín, accused by the US of corruption, from Corpoelec]. La Patilla (in Spanish). 19 March 2019. Retrieved 20 March 2019.
  38. ^ a b c "El origen de la falla que causó el mega apagón en Venezuela" [The origin of the fault that caused the mega blackout in Venezuela]. La Patilla (in Spanish). 13 March 2019. Retrieved 14 March 2019.
  39. ^ Angulo, Nataly (14 March 2019). "Fotos de la NASA demuestran que incendios en el Guri comenzaron un día antes del apagón nacional" [NASA photos show that Guri fires began a day before the national blackout]. El Pitazo (in Spanish). Retrieved 16 March 2019.
  40. ^ a b c d e f "Venezuela blackout, in 2nd day, threatens food supplies and patient lives". New York Times. 8 March 2019. Retrieved 18 March 2019.
  41. ^ a b c "Venezuela's Juan Guaidó faces sabotage investigation". BBC. 12 March 2019. Retrieved 16 March 2019.
  42. ^ "Jorge Rodríguez: Guaidó, Pompeo y Rubio confesaron ser autores del ataque al sistema eléctrico". Venezolana de Televisión (in Spanish). Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela. 9 March 2019. Retrieved 1 April 2019.
  43. ^ Daniels, Joe Parkin; Torres, Patricia; Phillips, Tom (10 March 2019). "A city of shadows': fear as Venezuela's crippling blackout enters day four". The Guardian. Retrieved 13 March 2019.
  44. ^ a b c Bussewitz, Cathy (27 July 2019). "AP Explains: How big a threat is an electromagnetic attack?". Associated Press. Retrieved 27 July 2019.
  45. ^ "Según el secretario de la gobernación del Zulia, explosiones en las subestaciones eléctricas son culpa de los papagayos" [According to the secretary of the governorship of Zulia, explosions in electrical substations are the fault of the kites]. Alberto News (in Spanish). 18 March 2019. Retrieved 18 March 2019.[permanent dead link‍]
  46. ^ Smith, Scott (16 March 2019). "Los más vulnerables de Venezuela siguen a oscuras tras el apagón: 'Jamás hemos vivido esta crisis'" [The most vulnerable in Venezuela remain in the dark after the blackout: 'We have never experienced this crisis']. InfoBae (in Spanish). Associated Press. Retrieved 16 March 2019.
  47. ^ a b c d "Blackouts savage Venezuela's already tattered economy". France 24. 28 March 2019. Retrieved 7 April 2019.
  48. ^ a b c d "As Venezuelan economy unravels, Maduro opponents hope downturn will topple him". New York Times. 30 March 2019 – via ProQuest. Also available online.
  49. ^ a b c Martin, Alexander (11 March 2019). "Race against time in blackout-hit Venezuela to save food stocks". France 24. Agence France-Presse. Retrieved 18 March 2019.
  50. ^ Daniels, Joe Parkin and Patricia Torres (12 March 2019). "'We call it survival': Venezuelans improvise solutions as blackout continues". The Guardian. Retrieved 13 March 2019.
  51. ^ a b Ellsworth, Brian and Vivian Sequera (11 March 2019). "Desperate Venezuelans swarm sewage drains in search of water". Reuters. Retrieved 9 April 2019.
  52. ^ a b c d e Hernández, Arelis R. and Mariana Zuñiga (4 April 2019). "'Why are you crying, Mami?' In Venezuela, the search for water is a daily struggle". Washington Post. Retrieved 9 April 2019.
  53. ^ Rojas, Indira (12 March 2019). "José María de Viana: El Sistema Tuy en Caracas necesita 600 megavatios de potencia para funcionar de nuevo" [José María de Viana: The Tuy System in Caracas needs 600 megawatts of power to function again]. Prodavinci (in Spanish). Retrieved 13 March 2019.
  54. ^ "Desesperados, los venezolanos recogen agua del río Guaire, "la cloaca" de Caracas" [Desperate, Venezuelans collect water from the Guaire River, "the sewer" of Caracas]. El Comercio (in Spanish). 11 March 2019. Retrieved 13 March 2019.
  55. ^ "In pictures: Seeking water amid power cut". BBC. 13 March 2019. Retrieved 13 March 2019.
  56. ^ Lares Martiz, Valentín (11 March 2019). "Venezolanos, en medio de una búsqueda desesperada por agua y comida" [Venezuelans, in the midst of a desperate search for water and food]. El Tiempo (in Spanish). Retrieved 13 March 2019.
  57. ^ Romero, Tibisay (10 March 2019). "Valencia sigue sin luz y con largas colas por agua y gasolina" [Valencia still without light and with long queues for water and gasoline]. El Estímulo (in Spanish). Retrieved 13 March 2019.
  58. ^ "Ciudadanos se bañan en alcantarillas por falta de luz y agua en Lara" [Citizens bathe in sewers due to lack of light and water in Lara]. El Nacional (in Spanish). 10 March 2019. Retrieved 13 March 2019.
  59. ^ "Second national power outage detected across Venezuela". netblocks.org. 9 March 2019. Retrieved 12 March 2019.
  60. ^ Torchia, Christopher (9 March 2019). "More blackouts hit Venezuela as opposition, government rally". AP News. Retrieved 10 March 2019.
  61. ^ Olen, Tangen Jr. (19 June 2019). "Venezuelan journalists report on their own survival". Deutsche Welle. Retrieved 24 June 2019.
  62. ^ "El apagón también fue informativo". Espacio Público (in Spanish). 12 March 2019. Retrieved 24 June 2019.
  63. ^ Armas, Mayela and Maria Ramirez (13 March 2019). "¿Y los bolívares? monedas extranjeras son primera opción en Venezuela durante emergencia" [And the bolivars? foreign currencies are first option in Venezuela during emergency]. Reuters (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 4 August 2020. Retrieved 14 March 2019.
  64. ^ Rosati, Andrew (18 June 2019). "Venezuela Is Now Awash in U.S. Dollars". Bloomberg. Retrieved 19 June 2019.
  65. ^ a b "Aumentan a 21 los muertos en los hospitales de Venezuela por el masivo apagón" [Dead in Venezuelan hospitals from the massive blackout increased to 21]. Infobae. 11 March 2019. Retrieved 14 March 2019.
  66. ^ a b c d e "Venezuela was crumbling. A blackout tipped parts of it into anarchy". New York Times. 15 March 2019. Retrieved 18 March 2019.
  67. ^ Moro Colmenárez, Mariangel (9 March 2019). "Seis personas fallecieron durante apagón en hospital de Acarigua-Araure" [Six people died during blackout in Acarigua-Araure hospital]. El Pitazo. Retrieved 14 March 2019.
  68. ^ Pineda Sleinan, Julett (11 March 2019). "Hombre de 86 años murió por fractura de cráneo tras caerse durante el mega apagón en Lara" [-year-old man died from skull fracture after falling during the mega blackout in Lara]. Efecto Cocuyo. Archived from the original on 15 March 2019. Retrieved 14 March 2019.
  69. ^ a b c Sheridan, Mary Beth and Mariana Zuñiga (11 March 2019). "In Venezuela blackout, paralyzed hospitals, spoiled food". The Washington Post. p. A.9 – via ProQuest.
  70. ^ Pipoli, Renzo (11 March 2019). "Venezuela's Guaido declares emergency after 4-day blackout". UPI. Retrieved 15 March 2019.
  71. ^ Angulo, Nataly (15 March 2019). "Se registró explosión en cadena de subestaciones en Maracaibo" [Chain of substation explosions in Maracaibo was recorded]. El Pitazo (in Spanish). Retrieved 15 March 2019.
  72. ^ Pons, Corina; Armas, Mayela (12 April 2019). "Blackouts threaten death blow to Venezuela's industrial survivors". Reuters. Retrieved 12 April 2019.
  73. ^ Meredith, Sam (15 March 2019). "Venezuela's electricity crisis could trigger 'serious disruption' to the oil market, IEA warns". CNBC. Retrieved 15 March 2019.
  74. ^ "The slippery slope for Venezuela's oil output gets steeper". France24. 15 March 2019. Retrieved 15 March 2019.
  75. ^ Isidore, Chris (15 March 2019). "Venezuela's oil industry at risk of collapse, oil watchdog warns". CNN Business. Retrieved 15 March 2019.
  76. ^ a b Lawler, Alex (1 April 2019). "OPEC oil output hits four-year low on Saudi cuts, Venezuela blackouts". Reuters. Retrieved 7 April 2019.
  77. ^ a b Zerpa, Fabiola (5 April 2019). "Venezuela blackouts cut oil output by half in March". Houston Chronicle. Bloomberg. Retrieved 7 April 2019.
  78. ^ Lawler, Alex (10 April 2019). "Venezuela reports collapse in oil supply, tightening global market: OPEC". Reuters. Retrieved 10 April 2019.
  79. ^ Parraga, Marianna (2 May 2019). "Venezuelan PDVSA's oil exports steady in April, flow to Cuba continues". Reuters. Retrieved 3 May 2019.
  80. ^ Leon, Mariela (17 March 2019). "Señalan que con el apagón se "cierran las puertas" de Sidor". El Universal (in Spanish). Retrieved 21 March 2019.
  81. ^ Baida, Guilherme (19 March 2019). "Venezuelan steelmaker Sidor shuts all operations after energy blackout". S&P Global. Retrieved 21 March 2019.
  82. ^ a b "Venezuela classes restart after weeks of blackouts". Reuters. 3 April 2019. Retrieved 3 April 2019.
  83. ^ "Vecinos de San Martín en Caracas intentaron espantar a saqueadores en medio del apagón" [Neighbors of San Martín in Caracas tried to scare looters in the middle of the blackout]. Tal Cual Digital. 10 March 2019. Retrieved 13 March 2019.
  84. ^ "Saquearon supermercado de La Florida durante la madrugada de este sábado" [Supermarket in La Florida looted during the early hours of this Saturday]. El Nacional. 10 March 2019. Retrieved 13 March 2019.
  85. ^ "PNB detuvo a decenas personas por saqueo en supermercado en Baruta" [PNB arrested dozens of people for looting Baruta supermarket]. El Nacional. 10 March 2019. Retrieved 13 March 2019.
  86. ^ a b Meza, José Gregorio (12 March 2019). "En 2 días saquearon más de 350 locales comerciales en el Zulia" [In 2 days more than 350 shops in Zulia ransacked]. El Nacional. Retrieved 13 March 2019.
  87. ^ Fuentes, Lysaura (10 March 2019). "Lanzaron lacrimógena y saquearon panadería en el centro de Maracaibo" [Tear gas thrown and bakery ransacked in the center of Maracaibo]. El Cooperante. Archived from the original on 30 March 2019. Retrieved 13 March 2019.
  88. ^ Camacho, José (11 March 2019). "Saqueos y 29 detenidos dejaron las más de 60 horas sin electricidad en Anzoátegui" [The more than 60 hours without electricity in Anzoátegui left ranackings and 29 detainees]. Crónica Uno. Retrieved 13 March 2019.
  89. ^ "Corpoelec publicó cronograma de racionamiento eléctrico donde se excluye a Caracas". El Universal (in Spanish). 5 April 2019. Retrieved 5 April 2019.
  90. ^ "Este es el cronograma de racionamiento eléctrico". El Nacional (in Spanish). 5 April 2019. Retrieved 5 April 2019.
  91. ^ "Nuevo plan de racionamiento en Zulia será de 12 horas diarias". El Nacional (in Spanish). 10 April 2019. Retrieved 10 April 2019.
  92. ^ Phillips, Tom (12 March 2019). "Guaidó under investigation for sabotage of power grid". The Guardian. Retrieved 13 March 2019.
  93. ^ Phillips, Tom (12 March 2019). "US pulls all staff from Venezuela as Maduro blames blackout on 'demonic' Trump plot". The Guardian. Retrieved 13 March 2019.
  94. ^ Sheridan, Mary Beth and Mariana Zuñiga (14 March 2019). "Maduro's muscle: Motorcycle gangs known as 'colectivos' are the enforcers for Venezuela's authoritarian leader". Sun Sentinel. The Washington Post. Retrieved 14 March 2019.
  95. ^ Shesgreen, Deirdre (14 March 2019). "Power out, water scarce, looting: Venezuela in crisis. Will Trump administration react?". USA Today. Retrieved 14 March 2019.
  96. ^ Wroughton, Lesley (14 March 2019). "Pompeo says all U.S. diplomats have left Venezuela". Reuters. Retrieved 14 March 2019.
  97. ^ "Mejía: Solicitamos apoyo internacional para superar la crisis eléctrica" [Mejía: We request international support to overcome the electricity crisis]. El Nacional (in Spanish). 11 March 2019. Retrieved 16 March 2019.
  98. ^ "Venezuelan government investigates Guaido for 'sabotage' of power grid". France 24. 13 March 2019. Retrieved 16 March 2019.
  99. ^ "Venezuela to ask Russia, China, UN to help investigate power sabotage". MSN. TASS. 13 March 2019. Archived from the original on 18 March 2019. Retrieved 16 March 2019.
  100. ^ "Detenido en Caracas el periodista hispanovenezolano Luis Carlos Díaz" [Spanish-Venezuelan journalist Luis Carlos Díaz detained in Caracas]. Europa Press (in Spanish). 12 March 2019. Retrieved 14 March 2019.
  101. ^ Lafuente, Javier (12 March 2019). "Detenido un periodista hispanovenezolano crítico con Maduro acusado de instigar un supuesto sabotaje a la red eléctrica" [A Spanish-Venezuelan journalist critical of Maduro is arrested accused of instigating an alleged sabotage to the electricity grid]. El País (in Spanish). ISSN 1134-6582. Retrieved 14 March 2019.
  102. ^ "Liberan al periodista hispanovenezolano Luis Carlos Díaz, aunque queda mudo en el país" [The Spanish-Venezuelan journalist Luis Carlos Díaz is released, although he remains speechless in the country]. El Mundo (in Spanish). 13 March 2019. Retrieved 14 March 2019.
  103. ^ a b "Venezuela detains top aide to Guaido in test of Trump's red line". Haaretz. Reuters. 21 March 2019. Retrieved 21 March 2019.
  104. ^ Garcia, Jacobo (21 March 2019). "La policía venezolana detiene de madrugada al jefe de Gabinete de Guaidó" [Venezuelan police arrest the head of the Guaidó Cabinet at dawn]. El Pais (in Spanish). Retrieved 21 March 2019.
  105. ^ Rosati, Andrew and Patricia Laya (21 March 2019). "Venezuela police detain Guaido's chief of staff after raid". Bloomberg – via ProQuest. Also available online with a subscription.
  106. ^ Vyas, Kejal (21 March 2019). "Venezuela intelligence police detain top opposition aide; Arrest threatens to raise tensions and provoke U.S. punitive measures". Wall Street Journal – via ProQuest.
  107. ^ "Blackouts again hit much of Venezuela". Local 10. Associated Press. 25 March 2019. Archived from the original on 25 March 2019. Retrieved 25 March 2019.
  108. ^ Valderrama, Shaylim (25 March 2019). "Second blackout in a month hits Venezuela, cutting power to Caracas". Reuters. Retrieved 25 March 2019.
  109. ^ "New nationwide power outage detected across Venezuela". NetBlocks. 25 March 2019. Retrieved 26 March 2019.
  110. ^ "Activity halted at Venezuela's main oil port after blackout". Reuters (in Spanish). 26 March 2019. Retrieved 26 March 2019.
  111. ^ "Presidente Maduro: Ataque terrorista contra el SEN fue realizado por un francotirador". Venezolana de Televisión. 27 March 2019. Retrieved 30 March 2019.
  112. ^ "Los mejores memes que dejó la explicación de Maduro sobre el apagón" (in Spanish). El Nacional. 27 March 2019. Retrieved 30 March 2019.
  113. ^ a b Torres, Andrea (26 March 2019). "Guaidó aseguró que el Gobierno es 'incapaz' de mantener la electricidad y poner fin a la crisis" [Guaidó said that the government is 'incapable' of maintaining electricity and ending the crisis]. El Universal (in Spanish). Retrieved 26 March 2019.
  114. ^ Buitrago, Deisy and Shaylim Valderrama (30 March 2019). "Venezuelans rally to protest chronic power outages". Reuters. Retrieved 30 March 2019.
  115. ^ Deisy Buitrago; Mircely Guanipa (29 March 2019). "Venezuela's Jose oil export terminal restarts after blackout:..." Reuters. Retrieved 30 March 2019.
  116. ^ a b "Nuevo corte de electricidad deja a oscuras varias partes de Venezuela". Reuters (in Spanish). 9 April 2019. Archived from the original on 10 April 2019. Retrieved 10 April 2019.
  117. ^ "Otro apagón afectó a más de 20 estados del país". El Nacional (in Spanish). 10 April 2019. Retrieved 10 April 2019.
  118. ^ "Venezuela largely offline following new nationwide power outage". 10 April 2019. Retrieved 10 April 2019.
  119. ^ a b c d e Smith, Scott (23 July 2019). "Venezuela's lights coming back to life following outage". Associated Press. Retrieved 23 July 2019.
  120. ^ Daniels, Joe Parkin (23 July 2019). "Venezuela: widespread blackouts could be new normal, experts warn". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 24 July 2019.
  121. ^ "La Asamblea Nacional de Venezuela aprueba declaración de estado de alarma" (in Spanish). CNN. 11 March 2019. Retrieved 18 March 2019.
  122. ^ a b c "Grupo de Lima responsabiliza 'exclusivamente a Maduro' del colapso del sistema eléctrico" [Lima Group blames 'Maduro exclusively' for the collapse of the electrical system]. Sumarium. 10 March 2019. Archived from the original on 4 August 2020. Retrieved 13 March 2019.
  123. ^ a b "China offer help to Venezuela to restore power". Reuters. 13 March 2019. Retrieved 13 March 2019.
  124. ^ "Moscow believes Western sabotage caused Venezuelan blackout". TASS. 15 March 2019. Retrieved 16 March 2019.
  125. ^ "Evo Morales califica de 'cobarde atentado terrorista' el apagón en Venezuela" [Evo Morales describes the blackout in Venezuela as 'cowardly terrorist attack']. EFE (in Spanish). 9 March 2019. Retrieved 18 March 2019.
  126. ^ "Díaz-Canel acusa a EEUU de 'hostigar a Venezuela' y librar una guerra 'despiadada' contra el país" [Diaz-Canel accuses the US of 'harassing Venezuela' and waging a 'ruthless' war against the country]. Europa Press (in Spanish). 13 March 2019. Retrieved 18 March 2019.
  127. ^ "Guaidó sobre nuevo megaapagón: Hablan de sabotaje pero tienen militarizadas instalaciones eléctricas" (in Spanish). Efecto Cocuyo. Archived from the original on 26 March 2019. Retrieved 26 March 2019.
  128. ^ "Guaido: Will work with Japanese government". NHK World. 31 March 2019. Retrieved 1 April 2019.
  129. ^ "Venezuela: Maduro destituye a Luis Motta Domínguez, ministro de Energía Eléctrica". El Comercio (in Spanish). 1 April 2019. Retrieved 2 April 2019.
  130. ^ "Hasta un diputado chavista exigió destitución de Motta Domínguez" [Even a chavista deputy demanded the dismissal of Motta Domínguez]. La Patilla (in Spanish). 13 March 2019. Retrieved 15 March 2019.
  131. ^ Valderrama, Shaylim; Sequera, Vivian (1 April 2019). "Venezuela's Maduro replaces electricity minister amid blackouts". Reuters. Retrieved 2 April 2019.
  132. ^ "Maduro axes electricity minister amid ongoing Venezuela blackouts". France 24. 6 May 2019. Retrieved 23 July 2019.
  133. ^ Sheridan, Mary Beth (9 March 2019). "Anti-Maduro demonstrators jam Venezuelan streets despite blackouts". The Washington Post. Retrieved 14 March 2019.
  134. ^ a b Phillips, Tom; Torres, Patricia (27 March 2019). "Venezuela: opposition leader promises final push against Maduro amid new blackout". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 31 March 2019.
  135. ^ Ayala Altuve, Dayimar (29 March 2019). "Juan Guaidó tras el tercer apagón masivo: hay que hacer un acto amplio de rechazo" (in Spanish). El Pitazo. Retrieved 30 March 2019.
  136. ^ a b Deisy Buitrago; Shaylim Valderrama (31 March 2019). "Venezuelans rally to protest chronic power outages". Reuters. Retrieved 31 March 2019.
  137. ^ a b c Jorge Rueda; Christopher Torchia (31 March 2019). "Venezuela's rival factions rally as power struggle persists". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 31 March 2019. Retrieved 31 March 2019.
  138. ^ "Vecinos de Caracas tocan cacerolas este sábado luego de apagón". El Nacional (in Spanish). 30 March 2019. Archived from the original on 31 March 2019. Retrieved 31 March 2019.
  139. ^ a b Torchia, Christopher (1 April 2019). "Venezuela's Maduro announces power rationing amid outages". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 1 April 2019. Retrieved 1 April 2019.
  140. ^ a b Phillips, Tom (1 April 2019). "Venezuela: Maduro calls on armed groups to keep order amid electricity rationing". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 1 April 2019.
  141. ^ Valderrama, Shaylim (1 April 2019). "Venezuela's Guaido pledges more protests over power, water shortages". Reuters. Retrieved 1 April 2019.
  142. ^ "Meganálisis: "84,3% de venezolanos rechaza teoría de sabotaje eléctrico"". El Nacional (in Spanish). 2 April 2019. Retrieved 3 April 2019.
  143. ^ "87,5 % de los venezolanos no cree los cuentos de Nicolás Maduro sobre tesis del "sabotaje eléctrico" (Encuesta Hercon)". La Patilla (in Spanish). 5 April 2019. Retrieved 5 April 2019.
Quelle: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Venezuelan_blackouts